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This is a snippet from ‘Lecture 15: Human Sexual Behavior I’ of Stanford’s ‘Introduction to Behavioural Biology’ given by prof. Robert Sapolsky.
8 Jun 2023
What if gender wasn’t a predetermined reality, but a fluid construct formed by culture, history, and individual identity? This is a question that drives the work of Judith Butler, a gender theorist and distinguished professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
While acknowledging the biological realities of sex, Butler promotes the concept of gender as performative — something that is enacted and shaped through our actions and interactions. This view, although challenging to traditional perspectives, is instrumental in the discourse on queer, trans, and women’s rights. Butler encourages a shift in societal conversation to include diverse gender identities.
This transformation, they believe, allows us to work toward a society where equality, freedom, and justice are at the forefront, reinforcing the foundations of our democratic society.
0:00 What is gender theory? 1:34 Sex and gender: What’s the difference? 2:29 Learning from genocide 3:34 Queer theory in the 1970s & ’80s 4:56 Big ideas in gender theory’s evolution 7:06 Gender is “performative”: What that means 9:04 The resistance to trans rights 10:37 Countering the attack on gender
About Judith Butler: Judith Butler is a post-structuralist philosopher and queer theorist. They are most famous for the notion of gender performativity, but their work ranges from literary theory, modern philosophical fiction, feminist and sexuality studies, to 19th- and 20th-century European literature and philosophy, Kafka and loss, mourning and war.
They have received countless awards for their teaching and scholarship, including a Guggenheim fellowship, a Rockefeller fellowship, Yale’s Brudner Prize, and an Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Distinguished Achievement Award.
Their books include “Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,” “Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex,” “Undoing Gender,” and “Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable?”
Boys and men are falling behind. This might seem surprising to some people, and maybe ridiculous to others, considering that discussions on gender disparities tend to focus on the structural challenges faced by girls and women, not boys and men. But long-term data reveal a clear and alarming trend: In recent decades, American men have been faring increasingly worse in many areas of life, including education, workforce participation, skill acquisition, wages, and fatherhood.
Gender politics is often framed as a zero-sum game: Any effort to help men takes away from women. But in his 2022 book Of Boys and Men, journalist and Brookings Institution scholar Richard V. Reeves argues that the structural problems contributing to male malaise affect everybody, and that shying away from these tough conversations is not a productive path forward.
12 Nov 2023
In 1972, when Title IX was passed to help improve gender equality on campus, men were 13% more likely to get an undergraduate degree than women. Today, it’s women who are 15% more likely to get a BA than men. That’s just one of the startling statistics revealing how millions of young men today are struggling to understand how or where they fit in.
Correspondent Lee Cowan talks with Brookings Institution senior fellow Richard Reeves about his new initiative, the American Institute for Boys and Men; with students at the University of Vermont, where women make up 62% of this year’s freshman class; and with Kalamazoo Promise in Michigan, a scholarship program reaching out to young men who haven’t been taking advantage of the help being offered towards higher education.
In Latin America, many women are fed up. They’ve had enough of macho culture and outdated female imagery. Now, they’re at war: While abortions are now legal in Argentina, an anti-feminist counter-offensive is starting in Brazil.
They appear wearing masks, ski goggles and cat ears. “Michis,” or “pussies”: That’s what the group of young feminists in Mexico call themselves. They fight violence against women, support the struggle for equality, and advocate for legal abortions.
According to statistics, ten women are killed every day in Mexico. But most perpetrators are never punished. Young women are no longer willing to accept this. They are stepping up the pressure – on the streets, and on the government.
The women of Argentina serve as role models. There, after years of struggle, the legalization of abortion has been a great success. For the women’s movement, which is primarily concerned with autonomy and freedom of choice, this has an important symbolic as well as practical value.
Another of the movement’s symbols, the green scarf, has spread throughout Latin America like a green wave. But resistance remains: In Argentina’s conservative provinces, abortion is still taboo. In neighboring Brazil, a conservative counter-movement to fight feminist progress is on the rise. Evangelical churches support President Bolsonaro‘s ultra-right government. Brazil’s Minister of Women’s Affairs until March 2022, Damares Alves, is a former evangelical pastor and a vocal opponent of abortion.
Still, Latin America’s feminists are united by the hope that protests and popular opinion can bring about change, as they did in Argentina.
Nov 24, 2022
En Latinoamérica muchas mujeres han dicho “basta”. Basta de cultura machista y de la imagen tradicional de la mujer. Hay una guerra cultural. Mientras en Argentina el aborto es ahora legal, en Brasil está comenzando una contraofensiva antifeminista.
Solo aparecen disfrazadas, con gafas de esquí y orejas de gato. “Michis”, gatitas, es el nombre de un grupo de jóvenes feministas de México. Denuncian los femicidios y la violencia de género en general, y luchan a favor del aborto legal y contra la desigualdad. Estadísticamente, en promedio en México son asesinadas diez mujeres a diario, pero la mayoría de esos crímenes quedan impunes.
Las jóvenes no lo tolerarán más. Ejercen cada vez más presión en las calles y en el gobierno, tal como lo demostraron las mujeres en Argentina. Allí, tras años de lucha, se alcanzó un gran éxito con la despenalización del aborto. Para el movimiento feminista, es un gran logro simbólico que ampara la autonomía y la libertad de decisión de la mujer.
El pañuelo verde, que identifica al movimiento, se ha extendido como una ola verde por Latinoamérica. Pero sigue habiendo obstáculos. El aborto sigue siendo tabú en las provincias conservadoras de Argentina.
En el país vecino, Brasil, está surgiendo un contramovimiento conservador. Las iglesias evangélicas, por ejemplo, han apoyado al gobierno ultraderechista de Jair Bolsonaro. Damares Alves, ministra de la Mujer en Brasil hasta marzo de 2022, es una ex pastora evangélica y activista contra el aborto.
Las feministas le reclaman que en su momento no consiguiera organizar el cambio cultural profundo y necesario para defender los derechos de las mujeres. A las feministas de Latinoamérica las une, sobre todo, la esperanza de que la presión de las calles pueda cambiar algo, como se ha visto en Argentina…
Most people think that machism and feminism are opposites … but they are no. The opposite to machism is marianism, not feminism.
machismo, Exaggerated pride in masculinity, perceived as power, often coupled with a minimal sense of responsibility and disregard of consequences. In machismo there is supreme valuation of characteristics culturally associated with the masculine and a denigration of characteristics associated with the feminine.
It has for centuries been a strong current in Latin American politics and society. Caudillos (military dictators), prominent in the history of Latin America, have typified machismo with their bold and authoritarian approach to government and their willingness to employ violence to achieve their ends.
Sep 25, 2014
Gender inequality doesn’t make sense on any level. Promoting gender equality can reduce extreme poverty and hunger and boost shared prosperity for girls and boys, women and men, around the world.
feminism, the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. Although largely originating in the West, feminism is manifested worldwide and is represented by various institutions committed to activity on behalf of women’s rights and interests. Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men. In medieval Europe, women were denied the right to own property, to study, or to participate in public life.
Jan 16, 2020
How much progress have we achieved in the global struggle for equal rights, and how much work remains? From worldwide suffrage campaigns to the rise of #MeToo and digital activism, we have marched slowly forward. But today, the fight for gender equality is far from over.
Discover the noteworthy women, grassroots movements and historic milestones that have changed the world for women and girls. Join UN Women’s #GenerationEquality campaign to accelerate gender equality actions and mark the 25th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the most visionary agenda for women’s rights and empowerment everywhere: https://www.unwomen.org/en/get-involv…
feminism, Social movement that seeks equal rights for women. Widespread concern for women’s rights dates from the Enlightenment; one of the first important expressions of the movement was Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792).
The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, convened by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and others, called for full legal equality with men, including full educational opportunity and equal compensation; thereafter the woman suffrage movement began to gather momentum.
Jun 27, 2020
At first closely intertwined, the abolition and suffrage movements were called to make a compromise that became a lasting wedge. Learn more about THE VOTE, including where to watch the documentary: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexpe…
One hundred years after the passage of the 19th Amendment, The Vote tells the dramatic culmination story of the hard-fought campaign waged by American women for the right to vote — a transformative cultural and political movement that resulted in the largest expansion of voting rights in U.S. history. In its final decade, from 1909 to 1920, movement leaders wrestled with contentious questions about the most effective methods for affecting social change.
They debated the use of militant, even violent tactics, as well as hunger strikes and relentless public protests. The battle for the vote also upended previously accepted ideas about the proper role of women in American society and challenged the definitions of citizenship and democracy. Exploring how and why millions of 20th-century Americans mobilized for — and against — women’s suffrage, The Vote brings to life the unsung leaders of the movement and the deep controversies over gender roles and race that divided Americans then — and continue to dominate political discourse today.
It faced particularly stiff resistance in the United Kingdom and the United States, where women gained the right to vote in 1918 and 1920, respectively. By mid-century a second wave of feminism emerged to address the limited nature of women’s participation in the workplace and prevailing notions that tended to confine women to the home.
A third wave of feminism arose in the late 20th century and was notable for challenging middle-class white feminists and for broadening feminism’s goals to encompass equal rights for all people regardless of race, creed, economic or educational status, physical appearance or ability, or sexual preference.
Although debated by some, many claim that a fourth wave of feminism began about 2012, with a focus on sexual harassment, body shaming, and rape culture, among other issues.
A key component was the use of social media to highlight and address these concerns. The new wave arose amid a number of high-profile incidents.
In December 2012 a young woman was brutally gang-raped in India and subsequently died, sparking local protests and international outrage. That was followed two years later by the Gamergate campaign, a manifestation of the so-called “men’s rights movement”.
May 27, 2014
A Fixer from Cardiff, 17, thinks more needs to be done to ensure women everywhere enjoy equal rights. She’s using this film to celebrate progress already made, while continuing the campaign for gender equality. Read more: http://www.fixers.org.uk/fixers/9600-…
Feminism is not the opposite of machismo, which prioritizes the rights of a single gender, but rather seeks to achieve equality. Feminism calls for the liberation of women and the elimination of hierarchies and privileges imposed by men on men under a patriarchal system that has long been perpetuated through cultural structures.
Mar 2, 2015
UN Women captures the journey of women’s rights from 1911-2015, and key moments of the women’s movements globally.
hypermasculinity, sociological term denoting exaggerated forms of masculinity, virility, and physicality. Scholars have suggested that there are three distinct characteristics associated with the hypermasculine personality: (1) the view of violence as manly, (2) the perception of danger as exciting and sensational, and (3) callous behavior toward women and a regard toward emotional displays as feminine.
Hypermasculine archetypes abound in the mass media, especially action films. The films of Clint Eastwood, for example, usually feature a strong, silent hero who exhibits no emotion as he dispatches his enemies. A female lead character with exaggerated “feminine” qualities is often added to accentuate the masculine traits of the hero.
In LatinX culture, the term ‘Machismo’ describes a strong or exaggerated sense of manliness; an assumptive attitude that virility, courage, strength, and entitlement to dominate are attributes or concomitants of masculinity.1
Stemming from the Spanish word “macho,”2Machismo is a social construction of masculinity across Latin American and Spanish culture that maps out how men should engage with their gender based on virility, courage, strength, and power.
The assumptive nature of Machismo is traditionally ingrained in men throughout LatinX cultures and impacts how they behave, speak and interact with others and their role in their household and society.
Machismo describes a way of being in which being “macho” rules. The biggest, greatest, and most prideful men are to be respected by those around them by all.
Machismo Characteristics
Machismo encompasses positive and negative aspects of masculinity including bravery, honor, dominance, aggression, sexism, sexual prowess, and reserved emotions.2
Positives
Bravery
Honor
Sexual prowess
Negatives
Reserved emotions
Sexism
Dominance
Aggression
History of Machismo
It’s believed that these strict gender roles, like marianismo (the opposite of machismo and directs how women should behave) are a result of Christian influence during the colonization of Latin America2
The word itself has only been in popular use since the early 20th century.3
How Machismo Presents Itself in Society and Relationships
Machismo culture is multidimensional. At its worst and most collectively understood, Machismo enforces toxic masculinity.
Machismo Enforces Toxic Masculinity
When Machismo is adhered to, men’s worthiness is attributed to a traditional narrative of a kind of hyper-masculinity that is authoritarian and emotionally restrictive.
Dominance Is Seen as a Admirable Trait
Men are taught that they need to exercise their power through dominance because they are men. They can work hard and provide monetarily for their family, and as a result of fulfilling this role as a breadwinner, can treat their spouses however they wish.
Machismo Fosters the Idea That Men Are Superior to Women
By doing so, men do not need to feel or learn how to control or express their emotions. To embrace the toxic value of misogyny within Machismo is to respond to the world (and most importantly, women) as a “Machista,” a male chauvinist. In other words, someone who believes that they are better than women just because they are men.
Bravery Is a Positive Attribute—Until It’s Not
Machismo culture is most widely understood as a ‘culture of toxicity,’ but not every originating value of Machismo is inherently inexcusable. To be brave is not an inherently harmful virtue. Brave people are often looked upon with reverence across societies, stories, and traditions.
What, unfortunately, makes bravery toxic in this context is when it is mixed with the other trademarks of Machismo like sexism, dominance, and aggression. To be Machismo is to be a practitioner of that mix.
How Machismo Contributes to a Violent Society
Machismo at its worst assumes that violence toward women and LGBTQIA+ people is excusable. It’s widely documented that Machismo contributes to femicide (the murder of women because they are women), homophobia, and domestic violence, issues that are pervasive across Latin America and traditional LatinX communities.
The Murder of Women
High Rates of Femicide
Reported cases of femicides have surged across Latin America in the last 20 years. In 2020, Brazil “registered a total of 1,738 murder cases that were classified as femicides” the highest number of gender-based violent deaths in the region. In Mexico (in the same year), 948 women were killed in a case of femicide.4
In separate data released by the Mexican government and reported by The Institute for Economics and Peace, in Mexico, “the incidence of femicide, or the murder of a woman for gender-based reasons, has risen significantly in recent years, from 427 reported victims in 2015 to 1,004 in 2021, marking a 135 percent increase.”5
Femicide is not exclusive just to Brazil and Mexico. It can be seen across Latin American countries, with more than 30 countries implementing laws against domestic violence.6According to the United Nations, the region houses 14 of the 25 countries with the highest rate of femicide in the world.7
Discrimination and Violence Against the LGBTQIA+ Community
Machismo does not just perpetuate femicide, it also leads to documented prejudice against LGBTQIA+ individuals.
Since Machismo provides an outline of hyper-masculine character traits (which traditionally perpetuates the homophobic narrative that heterosexual marriage is the only form of marriage), Machismo men are not likely to engage with, respect, or entertain LGBTQIA+ identities.8
LGBTQIA+ Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Statistics
According to a 2019 study by the Regional Information Network on Violence against LGBTQIA+ People in Latin America and the Caribbean:9
4 LGBTQIA+ people are murdered every day in Latin America and the Caribbean
Most of these deaths take place in the home
In the five years leading up to 2019:9
Over 1,300 LGBTQIA+ people were murdered
Of those cases, almost 12% were committed by people that knew the victims
Aggressive Behavior
Aggression, as a trademark of Machismo, can be deadly for anyone who is not a cis-hetero male in Latin American countries and even in some Latinx communities in the United States if and where Machismo is upheld.
LGBT National Hotline
If you are seeking support for issues with coming out, relationships, bullying, self-harm, and more, contact the LGBT National Hotline at 1-888-843-4564 for one-to-one peer support.
Machismo and Its Opposite—Marianismo
Where Machismo encompasses various aspects of masculinity and assigns a constructed view of how men should act, it also upholds attitudinal beliefs about the role of women.
In traditional Machismo culture, women are seen as homemakers. They are to be wives and mothers who cook, clean the house, and take care of the children.
Machismo and Marianismo Create Strict LatinX Gender Roles
Machismo’s existence is symbiotic with Marianismo.10The two are co-existing social constructs about gender roles, with Marianismo perpetuating the idea of a woman as a homemaker, mother and caretaker of the family.
Marianismo Characterizes the Woman’s Role
In a typical Machismo family setting, the man would encompass the traits of the construct that would subsequently inform the role of the wife as Marianismo. Similarly, Marianismo suggests that women be virtuous, modest, and abstinent until marriage.10 This is enforced often by the presence of the Catholic Church in Latin America.
How Machismo Impacts Mental Health
Machismo has been found to be related to increased levels of depression and stress among men. With restrictive emotionality acting as a key characteristic of Machismo, men are not taught that their emotions are real, valid, or worthy of being expressed.
They are taught to not engage with their emotions unless it’s pride or anger.11
Machismo Perpetuates Mental Health Stigma in LatinX Culture
The perpetuation of Machismo contributes to the prevailing stigma against seeking therapy or mental health services in the Latinx community. Machismo, although multidimensional in nature, historically creates a toxic environment for all, including those looking to grow up in a more progressive, mentally healthy household.
A Word From Verywell
It’s important to note that not all those of LatinX origin perpetuate the toxic aspects of machismo culture. However, if you find that you’re struggling with depression or another mental health issue, it’s OK to open up and be vulnerable and ask for help.
You can rely on a support system that you trust or speak with a mental health professional who is culturally sensitive and understands how LatinX culture impacts the perception of mental health.
LatinX Therapy has an extensive directory of LatinX therapists. The directory includes Spanish-speaking therapists of varying genders and nationalities so there’s a good chance you’ll find someone who you will feel comfortable with.
what was accepted in the past would be banned and badly seen today !
january 2022
Humans in the 20th century lived very different lives than we do now. It was an extraordinary time that changed the world beyond our recognition. Technology advanced at a rapid pace but one thing that didn’t progress as quickly was people’s attitudes toward one another.
July 2022
Join us now as we explore some of the most glaring examples of actual print advertisements of the 20th century that would most certainly be BANNED today.
Ah, the 20th century. What a crazy time for the advertising business on both TV and in magazines. Who would believe today that the Flintstones would be advertising both cigarettes and beer? But that’s exactly what they did when television was young. Let’s take a look at some crazy ads that people thought were normal at one time, and you’re not gonna believe some of the things they actually got away with in these “Ads of the Past” that would be BANNED today.
Feminism is NOT the opposite of Machism ! It is the fight for EQUALITY rights.
In honor of the 25th annual Women of the Year Awards, Glamour is taking a look back at some of the most memorable honorees.
Watch as 2011 Lifetime Achievement Winner Gloria Steinem describes her early life, how she became involved in the women’s movement, and her hopes for young women of the future.
Feminist pioneer Gloria Steinem shared why we should still be hopeful for the future, and work together as the majority to effect change.
The acclaimed author and journalist also praised director Julie Taymor for wonderfully adapting her memoir, “My Life on the Road,” for the new movie “The Glorias.”
Two hundred years of the music of freedom, hope and protest: This two-part documentary tells the story of songs that have become iconic – from the “Marseillaise” to “Bella Ciao” and “I Will Survive.”
What does the folk song “Die Gedanken sind frei” have to do with Russian band Pussy Riot’s “punk prayer?” What traditions do the Free Nelson Mandela movement or Beyoncé’s feminist pop refer to?
Music touches people. It motivates and comforts them. But pop music can also be political: Since the French Revolution at the very latest, social upheaval and political song have been closely linked. Superstar Beyoncé is showing the way: She uses her fame to draw attention to the discrimination against colored people in the USA and fight for equal rights for women.
She’s part of a long tradition of sounds that changed the world: From the “Marseillaise” to Billie Holiday’s “Strange Fruit,” “Girls Just Wanna Have Fun” and “Wind of Change”.
The “Marseillaise”, for example, is still the anthem to liberty, equality and fraternity it was during the French Revolution, although today there is a lot of debate about whether passages that are particularly gory or glorify violence should be changed. “March of the Women” accompanied the fight for female suffrage in Britain.
“Wind of Change” by German rockers Scorpions is still one of the most powerful evocations of the end of the Cold War and became the anthem of the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. “Sound of Freedom” uses both stars and contemporary witnesses to highlight the revolutionary power of music.
Two hundred years of the music of freedom, hope and protest: This two-part documentary tells the story of songs that have become iconic – from the “Marseillaise” to “Bella Ciao” and “I Will Survive.” What does the folk song “Die Gedanken sind frei” have to do with Russian band Pussy Riot’s “punk prayer?”
What traditions do the Free Nelson Mandela movement or Beyoncé’s feminist pop refer to? Music touches people. It motivates and comforts them. But pop music can also be political: Since the French Revolution at the very latest, social upheaval and political song have been closely linked.
Superstar Beyoncé is showing the way: She uses her fame to draw attention to the discrimination against colored people in the USA and fight for equal rights for women. She’s part of a long tradition of sounds that changed the world: From the “Marseillaise” to Billie Holiday’s “Strange Fruit,” “Girls Just Wanna Have Fun” and “Wind of Change”.
The “Marseillaise”, for example, is still the anthem to liberty, equality and fraternity it was during the French Revolution, although today there is a lot of debate about whether passages that are particularly gory or glorify violence should be changed.
“March of the Women” accompanied the fight for female suffrage in Britain. “Wind of Change” by German rockers Scorpions is still one of the most powerful evocations of the end of the Cold War and became the anthem of the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. “Sound of Freedom” uses both stars and contemporary witnesses to highlight the revolutionary power of music.
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