the persuasive language of selling strategies | sales management | ESL & ELT Activity Answer-key

Sales Strategy: the ultimate guide

ESL & ELT Activities: to do the activities, first visit: https://brainperks4u.wordpress.com/2021/06/23/the-persuasive-language-of-selling-strategies-sales-management-esl-elt-activity/

1- Vocabulary Acquisition.

First of all, let’s start by giving a definition of sales, selling, pitch, leads, strategy, techniques and tactics.

You can use a monolingual dictionary to help you understand the similarities and differences among these words but you have to elaborate the 3 definitions with your own words.

Make it clear (easy to understand & catchy), simple & short !

2- Vocabulary Acquisition: Idioms. Answer-key to correct your answers in exercise 2.

Idioms are phrases established by common use to have a meaning not immediately deducible from the words themselves. When we say that your colleague “let the cat out of the bag” for example, we do not (in most offices) literally mean that she had released a wild ginger tomcat from her purse but that she had spilled some secret or spoiled some surprise – comparative to a bygone era when cats actually were put in sacks of potatoes to surprise unsuspecting consumers.

Aside from making languages much harder to learn, idioms provide wonderful sales tools. They provide a way of saying something precise without being overly technical. They tend to be informal, social language, and their use helps to warm up social situations, since both people are both “in” on the coded meaning.

Read the following idioms, try understanding their meaning, then write it down so as to be able to explain their meaning to a person who does not know them, never has heard of them, and has a low intermediate level of English. Remember the 3 rules for effective communication: make it simple, clear & short !

1. Play It By Ear

Originally coined by musicians who would play a tune by ear – using their sense of sound rather than a fixed sheet to guide the way – this expression is all about process. It means starting with a basic plan or first step and then responding to feedback and modifying the direction as you go.

“How do you want to go forward with this, Mary?”

“I’m not sure … there are so many variables.”

“Why don’t we play it by ear? We can get moving with stage 1, arrange a review meeting and then map out the transition into stage 2.”

2. Start the Ball Rolling

This idiom is about making that first interaction in order to get the wheels of something much bigger in motion (excuse the double idiom!). According to the oldest origin story, it is a sports expression taken, of all places, from the game of croquet.

“Harry, we’ve been talking about this for a little while now. Why don’t we start the ball rolling? Are you free for a meeting next Tuesday?”

3. Put the Cat Among the Pigeons

The leading edge of any sales pitch involves unsettling the status quo. You want to draw attention to a way your prospect’s situation can be improved, which means pointing to gaps in their current processes. This idiom – useful in the context of challenger selling – originally refers to the disturbance likely to be caused by putting a cat inside a dovecote. The leading edge of any sales pitch involves unsettling the status quo.

“I know I’m putting the cat among the pigeons here, Samantha, but I really think there might be substantial room for efficiency improvements in your organization. Have you ever considered X? We can help with this…”

4. Hit the Ground Running

This idiom is all about preparing ahead of an important meeting or before the implementation of a solution. It is actually a 20th-century idiom with origins related to various ways in which a person might hit the ground running, ranging from drifters jumping off freight trains to troops dropping into enemy territory by parachute.

“So, Harry, we’d really like to spend some time asking questions and doing our research so that we can hit the ground running with a fantastic solution to meet your requirements next year. How does a preliminary meeting on Monday sound?”

5. Bend Over Backward

Let’s say you have a difficult client or a prospect who really needs to be impressed. This idiom is a great one to try. This phrase was used as early as 920 A.D. to compare the gymnastic act of back-bending to doing something difficult.

“We always make a major effort to deliver a premium experience to our clients. And Jane, I can assure you, we’ll bend over backward to get this sorted for you…”

6. Hit the Nail on the Head

This idiom is about correctly identifying a problem or a potential solution. Imagine, for example, you are trying to diagnose your customer’s requirements. In the process of asking questions and describing your service, your customer spontaneously makes a remark – perhaps on what differentiates you from the competition or what exactly your service will aim to solve.

“You the hit nail on the head there, Sam. Exactly right. Let me talk with you further about how that works…”

7. Elvis Has Left the Building

Finally, if you’re brave enough to try this idiom, it provides another way of saying, “It’s over!” It is a phrase that was often used by public announcers at the end of Elvis Presley concerts to disperse audiences who remained in hope of an encore.

“I’m sorry to hear that, George, but Elvis has left the building. If you had been more up front with us about this problem in the original meeting, we might have been able to come up with a different solution.”

There you have it! I would, of course, recommend particular phrases to use and questions to ask at particular moments in the sales process, such as, “How would you like to move forward?” (when closing) or, “What do you look for in a supplier?” (when building the initial relationship). But at a time when establishing dialogue and building rapport is an essential focus area for salespeople, perhaps idioms should also be encouraged as tools to help them build confidence and mutual understanding at every stage of the sales process.

3- SALES TACTICS. Reading Skills: Comprehension, Vocab by context & Predictions.

a) Read the following 9 sales principles, try to understand the main idea that each of them transmits and prepare a short piece of writing to explain each principle to another person.

b) Then decide which one/s are the most useful for you, your context, your company or business and fundament your answer.

In this guide, we’ll help you build the foundations of a strong sales strategy so that you can generate more leads and win more deals

By establishing a strategy based on these proven sales principles, you’ll create a culture that values efficiency and empowers reps to do their best work. It will help provide your customers with value at every step of the customer journey.

You’ll also learn the sales activities and elements to include in order to create a well-oiled system.

Setting goals at each sales stage
Create benchmarks based on past performance
Collect qualitative insights and customer data-points
Get clear with your core differentiator
Adopt a consultative selling approach
Target a specific market segment
Implement a robust qualification system
Automate your follow-up processes
Speed up the process with cold calling

4- Listening Skills: improve your listening comprehension, pronunciation and fluency.

Answer-key: Now turn on the subtitles so that you can correct your notes & speech.

Watch the following video and take notes to identify the most important ideas. Then write a 2-minute speech to summarize the video contents.

Answer Key for the Reading Comprehension in exercise 3:

Setting goals at each sales stage

We don’t need to wax lyrical about setting data-driven sales goals. By using data to drive decision making, you can set reasonable and attainable goals at every stage of the sales pipeline.

Each stage requires a different approach, messaging, content and, most importantly, unique sales activities. The objections and obstacles you’ll come across will also vary, which is why setting goals for every deal stage is key.

The desired outcome for one stage of the sales process is different from the next. Let’s take a look at some of the most common pipeline sales stages:

Prospecting
Qualification
Appointment/meeting/discovery call
Needs defined
Proposal/presentation/offer
Negotiation
Deal won

For example, the desired outcome of a discovery call is to identify a problem, as well as to qualify whether a lead will be a good fit for your solution. At the proposal stage, however, you must position yourself as the best solution for their problem, prepare for negotiation and win the sales.

Establish goals in two categories:

Activity-based goals: These are the inputs required to take a sales opportunity to the next stage of the pipeline (e.g. email outreach, follow-up calls etc.)
Results-based goals: A quantifiable number needed to reach your “true north” goal (e.g. number of appointments made, number of follow-up emails sent etc.)
This is where mapping your entire sales process is invaluable. When you know which actions are required to guide a lead to the next stage of your relationship, you can work on optimizing those activities.

Another sales strategy example, as advocated by Tom Pepper, Director of Marketing at LinkedIn, is to use a bottom-up revenue forecast:

Build a bottoms up forecast to get visibility into the business, then set a stretch goal on top. A target should feel ambitious but achievable. As a guide, feeling 80% confident hitting your number is about right. This approach is centered around assessing your current situation and capabilities to see what you can reasonably achieve from there.

You’ll also get an objective view on how much effort, time or resources it will take to reach your set of key predefined goals (e.g. number of sales across a period or revenue), helping you with your sales plan efforts.

Understand the customer journey across your entire organization

Your sales teams don’t work in silos, and every company has their own customer journey. Start by collecting insight on how leads are generated, new customer onboarding processes and solution fulfillment.

A consulting firm’s sales strategy example could see them attracting leads through their demand generation efforts. Those leads are then passed on to sales reps, who work to qualify and guide those leads to an appointment. Then, once the problem has been identified, the reps work with account managers or other consultants in order to develop a proposal with a possible solution.

Whatever this process looks like for you, make sure you have a clear view of every step of the customer journey and client relationship.

Create a process map structure

No matter which tool you use (from pencil and paper to software like Lucidchart), you’ll need a method of illustrating your process using a specific structure.

Using Lucidchart for reference, you can choose from several ‘shapes’, or charts, to visualize the nature of each stage of the sales process. The shapes range from top-down family tree style charts to circular charts to process diagrams, and each one works better in different scenarios. The key is to identify what chart works best for each stage of the sales process so that you can easily optimize and adjust your sales strategy down the line.

Map your existing sales process

To improve and optimize your sales process, you must understand the activity and steps you’re already using. Start by interviewing other reps and stakeholders throughout your sales organizations.

Here are some example questions you can ask based on different roles and responsibilities:

Sales: How do you generate new leads? Once a lead enters the pipeline, how do you guide them towards the close?
Sales Development: Do you have a structure for different areas of the sales development function? How are leads prioritized before handing them over from marketing to sales?
Marketing: What are your top lead sources? How do you assign leads to sales teams and sales development reps (SDRs)?
Asking these questions will fill out any gaps when mapping your sales process.

Uncover opportunities

With your existing sales process mapped out, it’s time to look for where your strengths lie and any opportunities you can take advantage of.

For example, you might have a strong workflow that nurtures existing leads towards the close, based on fewer leads dropping out mid-process, but your initial lead generation could use some work. Digging deeper, the biggest problem might be getting inbound leads to agree to a discovery call.

Here, your strength is the process you use to close leads once the initial appointment has been made, and your opportunity is generating more leads and increasing the conversion rate to appointment.

Optimize your process map

With your sales process mapped out, you can now work to create a future sales process to fill in the gaps and increase performance across your entire organization.

First, you need to build a map of your existing process. Here’s the possible process map of a sales strategy example:

When developing your sales strategy template maps like this can really help guide you. Go back to the opportunities you outlined above. These will act as the goals for your sales process optimization. Here are a few sales strategy example goals:

Increase the response time between inbound lead notification and initiating a first sales touch-point
Optimize the appointment-making process to make it easier for a lead to schedule a call
Use data enrichment, like finding and consolidating publicly available information about your new lead, to speed up the qualification process
Finally, it’s time to set goals for each existing and new stage. Again, you must set activity- and outcome-based goals throughout the sales process. For example, goals for the appointment-setting stage could be:

Activities: Reach out to new leads within an hour of them entering the pipeline
Outcome: X% lead-to-appointment rate

Create benchmarks based on past performance

Sales process mapping is about understanding the activities required to close a deal. But how do you measure those activities and create accurate performance benchmarks?

The first step to setting benchmarks is, of course, measuring the right metrics. The Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) you measure will depend on the activity. Here, we’ll run through a simple, three-step process to developing sales performance benchmarks for your sales strategy.

Step 1: Collect the right metrics

With your sales process mapped out, choosing and measuring your sales metrics will be 10 times easier.

First, let’s go through some common sales metrics based on different activity categories:

Activity metrics: These include the number of emails sent, follow-ups, cold calls made.
Pipeline metrics: These measure the health of your overall pipeline. Metrics include sales cycle length, total close rate and open sales opportunity by period, team and rep.
Lead generation metrics: These include volume of new opportunities, lead response time, number and percentage of leads followed up with.
Outreach metrics: These include email metrics (open rate, response rate), phone metrics (number of leads who agree to an appointment, call-backs) and social selling metrics (InMail response rate, LinkedIn connections accepted).
Conversion metrics: Opportunities closed, and the percentage of those won or lost.
Most importantly, you must always measure high-level sales KPIs. While the above metrics will give you an overview of activity performance, sales KPIs are what indicate the health of your entire sales organization. Metrics that fall under this category include:

Total revenue
New business revenue and percentage of overall revenue
Growth year-over-year
Customer average lifetime value (LTV)
Revenue segmented by product/service offered
Finally, you must ensure each metric and benchmark is assigned to the different roles within your organization.

For example, an SDR will be most keenly focused on their lead generation and outreach numbers. Whereas a sales manager will need a top-level view of these numbers, as well as how they’re contributing to the core sales KPIs.

Step 2: Calculate your benchmarks

As you collect data over time, you’ll have sufficient volume to calculate accurate benchmarks. However, the way in which these are calculated will vary.

Let’s start with sales KPIs. Sales benchmarks for these are often straightforward, depending on how complex you’d like to segment them. For example, you can set long-term benchmarks across the previous year to set 12-month goals. You may also wish to set revenue benchmarks per month and quarter to keep up a more aggressive sales strategy.

Then, there are activity-based benchmarks. As performance will vary between reps, a team-wide average may not always be the best approach. Therefore, you have two options:

Calculate averages across the entire sales organization
Set criteria for different levels of performance, and average out the numbers within those segments
The latter is more complex, but will allow you to set personalized goals based on the performance of your reps.

For example, if a top-performer is surpassing team-wide benchmarks every month or quarter, they’re not going to feel challenged. This then presents a problem for talent retention.

Segmenting benchmarks by performance can help keep your best reps engaged while contributing to the continued growth of your organization. It will also help other reps focus on what they need to do in order to do better.

By segmenting teams you can also add a healthy level of competition. Use a tool like Pointagram to visualize and reward performance, in a way that boosts morale.

Step 3: Implement benchmarks into your sales training

With your benchmarks defined, it’s time to communicate these with your salespeople, SDRs and anyone else involved in the day-to-day operation of your sales organization.

There are two ways you can use benchmarks to drive team performance:

Communicate sales KPI benchmarks (revenue etc.) in team meetings and training sessions
Set activity-based benchmarks on a one-to-one basis
Communicating revenue benchmarks will boost team morale and provide a tangible number everyone can aim for. It’s also a team effort, with everyone working towards hitting your revenue goal.

For activity-based benchmarks, save these for your one-to-one interactions. Show reps what someone within their percentile should be aiming for, and provide the data behind why those benchmarks are made. Most importantly, keep their morale high and show them why they have the ability and talent to achieve those numbers.

Finally, use these benchmarks to set more ambitious goals. Couple these benchmarks with the opportunities you uncovered when mapping your sales process earlier.

Ask questions like “how can you double the rate of growth by focusing on this opportunity?” This is how sales can stimulate explosive growth for their organizations.

Collect qualitative insights and customer data-points

While this sales tactic is often seen as an activity reserved for marketing, collecting and sharing your own data about leads and customers will not only help you close more deals, but help the entire organization expand and improve.

Collecting customer insights has several benefits:

You can craft more compelling outreach and follow-up emails that gets to the crux of their pain-points
You’ll know exactly when to hone-in on a certain aspect of your solution or features with each customer demographic and buyer type
You’ll be able to address sales objections not just by logic, but based on the prospect’s goals and motivations
With this in mind, let’s look at some practical ways to collect customer insights to fuel your sales strategy.

Record frequent pain-points

Listening is one of the best soft skills a salesperson can have. You talk to your target audience on a daily basis.

Every single conversation you have is an opportunity to learn more about their common pain-points, challenges, desires and the things that keep them up at night.

Start using this skill, and make a note of the common (and even one-off) pain-points and challenges that your prospects raise during sales calls.

As a sales leader, it’s also up to you to encourage this behavior. Create a process that allows your reps to collect these insights. It could be something like:

Note down the timestamp during the call when the pain-point was mentioned
Use a call recording system within your CRM to go back to that point
Note down, word-for-word, how the pain-point was framed and the language used
Store this insight in a global spreadsheet
Over time, as you collect data around this insight, you can help your reps identify which are mentioned most often. Standardize how they’re positioned by looking at the common language used, and order them by importance.

Scour publications for research

Some publications have already done the hard work for you. Say, for example, you sell software (like Pipedrive) and many of your customers work in sales development. By searching for “top sales development challenges” in Google, you will find some of the challenges SDRs will face, such as high-performance expectations.

When selling to SDR teams, mention this pain point in your pitch and then explain how your solution can help them tackle this common challenge.

Use data to make an argument

Anecdotes and stories will only get you so far. Sometimes, you’ll need cold hard data to make an argument (especially when selling to senior decision makers).

There are two main ways you can use statistics to make an argument:

Collect your own proprietary data from owned assets (user engagement, results etc.)
Collect third-party data from other sources
Do both if you can. Third-party data and statistics can help make an objective, impartial case for your sales pitch.

Again, you can usually find a collection of third-party stats through a simple Google search.

Collect the relevant statistics in a single place, such as a spreadsheet, and use them during your pitch when addressing objections.

Get clear with your core differentiator

This is another activity that’s often up to marketing to figure out. But just like customer pain points, you’re in a unique position to uncover gaps left open by your competitors.

There are two stages in your sales conversations where you can collect insights on competitors and uncover gaps in the market:

The initial conversation, asking the prospect which supplier they currently use
During objection handling, where inevitably they’ll measure you against other vendors
Let’s look in-depth at both approaches:

Approach 1: The initial conversation

During the qualification phase, you’ll be asking questions that ensure a prospect is a good fit for your solution. This includes simple things like budget, as well as more qualitative insights on how they and their organization currently does things. You’ll learn more about this in the section: ‘implement a robust qualification system’.

But another, often forgotten question is around the solution, product or service they’re currently using. This is a prime opportunity for uncovering what attracted a prospect to you, and why they’re dissatisfied with their current vendor.

To uncover gaps your competitors are leaving open, when the opportunity arises, ask questions like:

Why did you originally decide to work with [COMPETITOR]?
Which of their features did you find most useful?
Why are you looking for a new solution?
Dig deeper into their responses by asking follow-up questions. This is where you find their true motivations and frustrations.

Approach 2: Objection handling

You’re nearly at the close, and you’re confident you’ll win the deal… only to have the dreaded “Competitor X does this, and you don’t” objection.

While this can be disheartening for many salespeople, it’s a tremendous opportunity to learn and figure out the gaps in your own positioning.

When you get an objection like this, follow-up with “why is this important to you?” or “how do you feel this will solve [their problems] better than [your feature]?”

Not only will you better position yourself against the competition, but their response will provide a platform to address and overcome these objections.

For more guidance on tackling objections, check out our sales objections tool.

Adopt a consultative selling approach

What’s the best way to build long-lasting business relationships based on trust? Consultative selling.

As per our definitive guide on the subject, consultative selling is “a philosophy rooted in building a relationship between you and your prospects. A salesperson who practices consultative selling develops a holistic and nuanced understanding of the buyer’s needs, and then they try to fulfill those needs with a customized solution.”

As poor customer relationships are one of the biggest causes of churn, it’s wise to do everything you can to connect with leads at every stage of the customer journey.

Let’s look at what it means to adopt a consultative selling philosophy as part of your sales strategy.

Build your authority

To successfully create a consultative selling approach, your prospects need confidence in your expertise on the problem they’re looking to solve.

To build authority and position yourself as an expert, follow these tips:

Collect evidence: You need to back up your claims. This can be in the form of case studies, or third-party stats and data (as we covered earlier). Show them how you’ve solved their problem in the past.
Create content: Create content on LinkedIn, and even your company blog, that addresses the common pain-points of your customers. It’s a great way to attract new leads while nurturing existing opportunities.
Address criticism head-on: This will happen, especially if you create content with polarizing views. Instead of hiding from it, address it head on—in comments, on social media and wherever your content can be found.
Lead the conversation

Part of consultative selling is understanding that no two conversations are the same. A key skill to cultivate is leading your conversations, uncovering a prospect’s pain-points and their true motivations.

This means asking the right questions at the right time, while making sure your prospects feel understood. Make a list of these questions before the initial call.

Do some research on their organization and role to get a feel for what their pain-points might be in order to elicit the information you need to craft a relevant solution.

For example, you might discover that they’re already using a competing solution. Therefore, you could ask them why they’re looking for a new solution now, and perhaps why they decided to use the competitor in the first place (as discussed earlier).

Consultative selling requires a full picture of your prospect’s current situation. Ask the right questions, and you’ll get the right insights to craft the best solution.

Create a bespoke solution

With the right information, you can begin to craft a solution specific to their needs. This can be as simple as tying software features to specific challenges, or as complex as building a bespoke done-for-you service to help them achieve a big project or goal.

When crafting a bespoke solution for your prospect, follow this three-step process:

Ensure you truly understand their needs: Listen for common themes and challenges throughout your initial conversation. If they say a particular feature, goal or objective is important to them, ensure that it’s part of your solution.
Get into the pain: According to CEB Marketing Leadership Council, “personal value has twice as much impact as business value” for B2B buyers. No matter the industry, people buy based on emotion. If you can show how your solution will personally benefit your prospect, you’ll double the value your solution delivers.
Demonstrate the solution in action: Allow prospects to experience your solution during the sales process. This doesn’t mean just showing them the features or an in-depth proposal, but rather the results your solution can bring.
Couple this approach with traditional elements, such as case studies, to bring the sale home. Demonstrate how you can solve their specific problems by showing them the results you’ve got in the past.

Show them how you can get similar results while maintaining relevance to their unique situation.

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Target a specific market segment

For salespeople, a strong position in the market can often make the job ten times easier. But not every salesperson works for a recognized market-leading business, and for those who do, taking this stance can be difficult—especially when you don’t truly understand your customer.

Which is why, especially in today’s competitive climate, targeting a specific segment of the market can help you get the attention of those who operate in it.

For example, you may offer a solution that helps SaaS companies generate more leads for their business. But each segment of the SaaS market has their own set of challenges and goals unique to them.

So, you could go one level deeper and focus on MarTech. With a little research, you’ll find that selling to marketing decision makers is harder than most other roles. Therefore, you can position your product or service as the best solution to this problem.

To do this, you’ll need to collaborate with marketing. However, understanding your position in the market and how that ties into your sales strategy is key. Let’s go through a proven process to help you do this.

Identify market segments and their needs

The first step is to identify the right market segment to target. This can be done through a number of data points and qualities, but the place to start is with the market itself.

Ask yourself, which market niches are saturated? Which have you already generated ample amounts of traction with in the past? Which market has particular pain points that your solution or product can help solve. Look for markets that you have plenty of experience and in-roads with.

Once you’ve found a niche, it’s time to get specific about shared commonalities among potential customers in the niche. This might include company size, the way they market to their audience or the average amount raised during Series A fundraising.

Once you know the market you’re targeting, it’s important to truly understand the individuals you’re serving within those markets. There are a number of ways you can collect qualitative and data-driven insights on these people:

Collect customer data: Look at the data you already have on customers and users. What products or services do they invest the most into? Which features of your software do they use most often?
Survey them: Send out an email survey to this specific segment and ask broad questions around their organization and day-to-day job role.
Interviews: To get more qualitative insights, get on the phone and talk to them. This allows you to dig deep into their responses and truly understand their motivations.
Finally, collect information on the average buying cycle, as well as their lifecycle as a customer. For example, does the average deal take three months to close and include several stakeholders? This is all information worth collecting.

Evaluate commercial viability

Now it’s time to use this insight to measure whether or not this segment is worth pursuing. After all, if it’s harder to sell than other segments of the market, it might be worth pointing your focus elsewhere.

Here are some qualities to look for:

Market size: First of all, is your target market broad enough to segment in the first place? Is the segment you’ve uncovered large enough to achieve your core business goals?
Differences: Does each segment of the market have large enough differences to justify segmenting? For example, the goals of a SaaS product that targets marketers must be clearly unique in comparison to solutions targeting other professionals.
Accessibility: Can you actually reach this audience? Do you have the ability to get your message in front of them?
Profitability: Will you generate an ROI from your growth initiatives?
Unique benefits: Your chosen segment should benefit from your solution in different ways.

Establish your position
With these questions answered, you can now move on to establish your position in the market. Positioning maps is an easy way to do this. For example, here’s what a positioning map looks like:

The variables used here are “price” and “quality.” It maps where each brand sits along these two variables, giving a clearer view of their position in the market.

To create your own map, start with the two variables that make the most sense for your brand and solution. Common positioning variables include:

Quality
Price
Market share
Complexity
Market perception
Practicality
Once you’ve chosen your variables, use the map to place your competitors and evaluate their own market positioning.

This doesn’t have to be an accurate representation. We’re using it to simply identify gaps in the market.

Use this to drive your overall position in the market, using the core differentiators you identified earlier to lead the way. Couple your features and service offerings with common pain-points to show you’re the best solution for your chosen segment.

Implement a robust qualification system

For sales organizations dealing with a large volume of leads, unqualified opportunities are a huge time-suck. An effective sales strategy includes a reliable qualification system that targets leads in a meaningful way.

A strong qualification process should be positioned at the beginning of your sales process.

Here, we’ll show you how to create a process to focus on the strongest opportunities that enter your pipeline.

Defining what makes a qualified lead

Much like the market segments above, not all qualified leads are the same. It’s up to you to figure out the qualities of a qualified lead, and what the best sales opportunities look like.

There are three stages of qualification that you should consider when defining what makes a strong lead:

Organization: What’s their company size? Do they sell into your industry? Check out their website and company LinkedIn to see if they fit your ideal organization profile.
Stakeholder: Do they have the budget? Who is involved in the buying process? These are questions you must ask before and during any initial sales conversations.
Opportunity: Do they even have a challenge or problem that you can solve? This is probably one of the most important things to establish as you begin the sales cycle.
Knowing when to disqualify

Letting a sales opportunity go is a difficult thing for salespeople to do. We’re so hungry for leads that it’s a shame to end a conversation when the opportunity isn’t a good fit.

But disqualification is a key part of an efficient sales strategy. Wasting time on poor leads distracts you from other tasks that will bear better fruit.

Disqualifying is about knowing when an opportunity doesn’t fit the criteria you set above. For example, if you see that a company has only been in business for a year, and you know that your ideal clients are well-established with 100+ employees, you can end the process without setting an initial appointment.

But it’s also important not to get misled by signs of a golden goose. For example, you might speak to a stakeholder that has ample amounts of budget. However, upon digging into their needs, if you find they don’t have a problem you can solve, they’re still not going to be a good fit.

Ask qualifying questions

Asking the right questions is a foundational piece of the qualification process. These questions will elicit the information you need to know to decide if an opportunity is worth pursuing.

Some qualifying questions include:

What industry are they in?
How long have they been in business and size is the business?
How did they hear about you?
What are the top challenges they and their team face?
What results are they looking to achieve?
How would these results benefit them?
What will happen if they don’t achieve these results?
What’s their buying process look like?
Are they the key decision maker?
Do they have the resources and time to implement a solution short-term?
Questions like these will help you evaluate whether or not they fit your ideal customer profile. They’ll help you figure out if they have a need, budget and the timeframe they’re looking to implement a solution.

Using the BANT framework

While every customer and client is different, the opportunities that lead to won deals will share various qualities. You can use the BANT framework to measure an opportunity against these qualities.

BANT stands for:

Budget: Do they have the resources allowing them to buy?
Authority: Do they have the ability to make the final decision?
Need: Can you solve their problem(s)?
Timeline: When are they planning to invest in a solution?
Using the questions laid out earlier, your reps can qualify a prospect based on these four criteria. For example, by asking them what results they’re aiming to achieve and how it would benefit them, you can quickly ascertain whether or not they have a need.

Finally, look out for signals that might make for a poor lead. If they provide short answers to your questions, then this might be a sign that they’re not truly invested in looking for a solution, and are simply “window shopping.”

Automate your follow-up processes

A great sales strategy incorporates effective solutions that save valuable time. One of the easiest ways to reclaim time is to streamline your processes with automation tools.

Without a doubt, following up on leads and opportunities can take up the bulk of a salesperson’s day. From making calls to sending emails (“touching base”), there’s a lot to be done when nurturing a potential customer.

But this doesn’t always have to be the case. By using the right technology and processes, you can automate many steps of the follow-up process.

A study conducted by Drift found that, out of 433 companies, only 7% responded to new leads within the first five minutes. This presents a huge opportunity for organizations looking to improve their follow-up processes.

Let’s look at how to empower your reps to close more sales while saving time.

Start with your CRM

Your CRM is the heart of your sales strategy, and acts as the foundational platform to your follow-up system. Without a good CRM that manages sales opportunities and conversations at scale, your reps will constantly be swimming in their inboxes trying to stay above water.

A good CRM platform should free you from common administrative tasks, not simply get you to perform them in different ways. If you’re evaluating different CRM vendors, make sure you find one that ticks these boxes:

Business function: Does it help you achieve common tasks and achieve goals specific to your organization?
Cost: Does it provide those features within budget?
Data quality: Does it enrich your data and help you personalize your follow-up messaging?
Brand: Are they familiar? Do they have clout in the industry and a proven track record?
Scale: Will they handle your sales plans for growth and expansion?
Your chosen CRM platform should have the features to automatically follow-up with prospects. For example, in Pipedrive, you can create workflows that automate various follow-up tasks for you:

At the very least, your CRM should integrate with tools that can automate these tasks for you. Find out what tools integrate with Pipedrive in our Marketplace.

Know when to automate

With the right technology in place, it’s time to automate! But not so fast. First, you must identify the tasks that don’t need you to execute them.

In fact, this practice should be used beyond the follow-up process. Any task that doesn’t need you should be automated, which will allow you and your reps to focus on the tasks that have a bigger impact.

Here’s a simple process to figure out what can be automated:

Can it be eliminated? If it’s not truly bringing value to the sales organization (or your prospects), it might be best to remove it from your sales strategy altogether.
Can it be automated? Not all tasks can be taken off your plate through technology. For example, if it’s a type of email that requires manual personalization it, it’s going to be hard to automate using technology.
If it can’t be automated, can it be delegated? Can you give this task to someone else to take care of?
With a list of common follow-up tasks, you can begin working on automating them. In order to do this effectively, you must know what the trigger and action are for each task.

For example, when following up on a proposal, the trigger and action might look like this:

Trigger: Proposal email sent five days ago
Action: Send email template
Get the timing right

Sometimes, your emails might get lost during a time when the prospect has other priorities, or something has come up in their personal lives. Not getting a response doesn’t always mean rejection.

Therefore, your follow-up sequence should have multiple touch-points. Take all eventualities into consideration. Perhaps they are indeed busy, or they don’t trust you enough just yet and need more convincing.

Take these factors into account when crafting your follow-up emails. For example, a simple four-step sequence might look like this:

Follow-up 1: A simple message, asking if they had any thoughts on your proposal
Follow-up 2: Similar to the above, offering to answer any questions
Follow-up 3: Provide insight or results you helped an existing customer gain
Follow-up 4: Share a piece of content that provides insight on a specific pain-point
Spread this sequence over time, and you’re likely to dramatically increase your response rate.

Of course, you shouldn’t go too far. After five or so follow-up emails, it’s more likely that the lack of response means “no.”

If this happens, limit your follow-up emails to once a month. Send something that the prospect will find of value. These are all activities that can be executed using automation.

Set reminders and use personalization

Your CRM should allow you to set reminders for tasks on specific dates. Sometimes, when personalization is key, you’ll need to use these reminders to set the right emails at the right time.

For example, in Pipedrive, you can schedule various activities on specific days:

You’ll then be reminded to execute the relevant task on the date and time you scheduled it.

As you can see, automation is two-fold: it’s using technology to handle the execution of simple tasks, while also empowering you to simplify the activities that need your input. Know when to use which approach, and you’ll have a bulletproof follow-up process that runs on autopilot.

Speed up the process with cold calling

Email is the centrepiece of modern communication. But let’s not forget about the trusty telephone. Indeed, there’s no better way to build rapport and dig deep on prospect motivations than talking to them directly.

In every sales strategy template calling scripts can help reps engage leads. Let’s look at some effective ways to apply cold calling to your sales strategy, and how your sales reps can connect with prospects on a deeper level.

Research your prospect

Get an understanding of which segment your prospect falls into by conducting some research. This means getting your hands on the insights that will make an impact during your first conversation.

LinkedIn is a gold mine for this insight. Visit their profile and check out what their career journey has been like. For example, if they’ve just started in a new role, it’s likely they’re looking for new approaches and vendors to make a positive impression.

Here are a few ways you can research your prospects:

LinkedIn: What groups are they involved in? Who do they follow? Do they create their own content?
Twitter: What content are they sharing? Who are they connecting with?
Google: What comes up when you search their name? Do they have a personal blog? Do they create content for their company?
Having this insight will start your cold calls off on a strong note. It’s the difference between this:

“Hi Mark, my name is James and I”m calling from Pipedrive. We help sales managers like you optimize their sales processes by…”

And this:

“Hi Mark, I recently checked out your article on cold calling (which I loved by the way) and thought you might find this of interest. My name is James and…”

The latter has clearly been given more thought. Make your prospects feel like you already understand them before jumping into your pitch to make a strong first impression.

Build an outline
While we have plenty of cold calling scripts for you to take inspiration from, it’s good to use a proven structure to build your own. Here’s one we advocate here at Pipedrive:

Introduction: State who you are and why you’re calling. Keep it short and sweet.
Opener: Use personalization (like in the example above) to connect with them early on. Mention something you share in common if applicable.
Reason: Why are you calling? Why should they pay attention, and how can you help them?
Offer: What’s your value proposition? Who do you work with and how have you helped them get results?
Questions: Gauge their interest and use qualification questions to see if they’re a good fit.
Close: Provide a call-to-action and lead the conversation towards the next step of the sales process.
By using proven outlines, you can fill in the gaps with your own messaging and use anecdotal evidence in the right way, at the right time.

Collect early stage objections

The objections you get during a cold call will differ to those later in the sales cycle. Therefore, make sure you’re well prepared.

For example, “I need to think about it” is a common pushback received during cold calls. Sujan Patel, partner at Ramp Ventures, has a great response to this objection:

“What’s holding you back from making the decision? During this time I usually send the customer 1-2 case studies or include a few testimonials from customers that are in the same industry as my prospect.”

Start collecting a library of responses to these common objections. Collect them in a knowledgebase to make objection handling easy as they arise.

It’s all about timing

Knowing when to call is as important as what you say when you’re connected. According to InsightSquared, the best time to call is between 10 AM and 4 PM.

However, each industry is different. Experiment with different times and see what your customer personas respond best to. For example, you might find it’s common in your industry for prospects to be active at 8 AM to get a head start on their workday. See what happens when you dial around this time.

As well as time of day, there may be certain “trigger events” that make cold calling appropriate. These trigger events might include a round of funding, new members added to their team or an acquisition.

Finally, learn to truly listen. Ask open-ended questions and dig deep into their responses. Listen to what they have to say and tie their problems and motivations to the specific details of your product or service.

Conclusion
To build an effective sales strategy, you must first truly understand your ideal customer.

What are their common challenges? What are they trying to achieve in their career and how can you help them do it?

It’s a common theme we’ve addressed across the entire guide. When you collect insight and data on your customers, you can create a strategy that aligns their needs with your goals. Once you’ve nailed this, your activity will make a bigger impact.

sources https://www.pipedrive.com/en/blog/sales-strategy | training industry

Are you taking enough B12 ?

Vitamin B12 – cobalamin  Basic Description

Vitamin B12, as the name implies, is part of the B complex of vitamins. Like the other B vitamins, it is involved in energy metabolism and other related biological processes.

However, that is where the similarity ends. The list of things that are unique about this vitamin is long, and includes the following facts:

Most B vitamins do not store well, but several years’ worth of vitamin B12 can be stored in your body
Most B vitamins can be found in a wide variety of plant and animal foods, but since no plant or animal can make vitamin B12 (only microorganisms like fungi and bacteria can do that), it is typically only animal foods that contain B12 since plants cannot make or store this vitamin. However, mushrooms (since they are themselves fungi) often contain B12, as do fermented plant foods like tempeh or miso since they have been produced with the help of microorganisms. Most B vitamins are relatively small and have a fairly simple chemical structure, while vitamin B12 is larger and more complex.
Most B vitamins are more easily absorbed than vitamin B12,which has more complicated requirements for absorption.
In terms of physical amount, vitamin B12 has the lowest daily requirement of all the B vitamins, and it is needed in about 1/1000th the amount of some other B vitamins.
Vitamin B12 is the only vitamin that contains a metal element (cobalt). In fact, the cobalt contained in B12 is the reason that this vitamin goes by the chemical name cobalamin.
As the list above implies, optimal intake of vitamin B12 can sometimes be a challenge in human nutrition. Even though U.S. adults ages 20 and older average well above the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for B12, there are still subgroups within the U.S. that are more commonly at risk of B12 deficiency. For example, adults 51 and older can be at greater risk of B12 deficiency, presumably in relationship to decreased dietary intake and/or compromised digestive function.

The style of diet that you choose can have an major impact on your B12 nourishment. If you regularly consume land animal foods and fish in your meal plan, B12 intake is not very likely to be a problem. If you regularly consume fish but avoid land animal foods, B12 is still relatively unlikely to be a problem. With no fish or land animal foods in your routine diet, however, you are left with some fairly specific food sources of B12, namely, fermented foods such as tempeh and fungi (including mushrooms). We’ll give you some practical steps for obtaining B12 nourishment in the Food Sources section.

We list eight excellent sources of vitamin B12 on World’s Healthiest Foods. We also have three very good and four good sources of the vitamin. Although the number of good sources is smaller than for many foods, this should be plenty to ensure a strong supply of this critical nutrient.

Role in Health Support

Cardiovascular Support

Vitamin B12 plays several important roles in keeping our cardiovascular system on track. The first of these roles involves production of red blood cells. Red blood cells are critical for transporting oxygen throughout our bloodstream, and the oxygen-carrying pigment in the center of our red blood cells is called hemoglobin. A key building block for hemoglobin is a compound called succinylCoA, and without enough vitamin B12, we simply cannot make enough of this building block. (Methylmalonyl CoA mutase is the enzyme that allows this process to take place, and it only functions with the help of B12 in the form of adenosylcobalamin.)

The fact that B12 plays such a key role in red blood cell production means that deficiency of this vitamin can actually cause a form of anemia called B12 deficiency anemia. However, this form of anemia is relatively rare. Often, when it appears to occur, it is actually a by-product of pernicious anemia in which immune system antibodies interfere with the production or function of intrinsic factor (IF). IF is a glycoprotein produced by specialized stomach cells called parietal cells and it is required for proper metabolism of vitamin B12.

A second important role for B12 in cardiovascular support involves prevention of excessive homocysteine build-up. A long list of cardiovascular diseases have been associated with excessive accumulation of homocysteine in the bloodstream, including coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. Vitamin B12 helps normalize levels of homocysteine in the blood by allowing conversion of homocysteine to methionine. (This conversion process takes place through activity of the enzyme methionine synthase.)

DNA Production

Vitamin B12 is a necessary co-factor for the production of DNA, the genetic material that acts as the backbone of all life. This process requires folate and vitamin B6 as well, and disruptions of any of these nutrients can lead to problems.

The diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency is often dependent on problems with DNA production. When vitamin B12 is low, normally rapidly dividing blood cells are not able to effectively reproduce their DNA, leading to abnormally big cells. This phenomenon, called macrocytosis, is often the first way doctors suspect problems with the vitamin.

Brain and Nervous System Health

Along with the heart, liver, muscles, and kidneys, the brain is an organ that utilizes a large amount of energy in a form called aerobic energy. Aerobic energy means oxygen-requiring energy production in specialized cell parts called mitochondria. As described earlier in the Cardiovascular Support section, one role that B12 plays is maintenance of hemoglobin in red blood cells to allow successful transport of oxygen. This process is especially important in brain health.

Another role of B12 described in the Cardiovascular Support section was prevention of excessive homocysteine build-up in the blood through conversion of homocysteine to methione. However, one aspect of this process not described earlier is the simultaneous recycling of a molecule called SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) that takes place along with homocysteine conversion. SAMe has sometimes been referred to as the “universal methyl donor” because of its unique ability to provide special chemical groups—called methyl groups—in many different places where they are needed. One such place is the brain and nervous system, where movement of methyl groups is a key process. Some of the nervous system messengers (neurotransmitters) cannot be produced without the help of enzymes called methyltransferases, and these enzymes in turn cannot be produced without the availability of methyl groups. This area of methyl metabolism is another key way in which vitamin B12 plays a major role in the health of our brain and nervous system.

These nervous system connections to B12 help explain some of the clinical symptoms associated with B12 deficiency. When levels of vitamin B12 get very low, nerve damage can ensue. The insulation sheath around nerve fibers begins to break down, making it harder for signals to get to more distant areas of the body (called peripheral areas). As you might guess, symptoms first become apparent in the hands and feet. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, researchers know that severe B12 deficiency can cause these “peripheral neuropathies” and that restoring optimal supplies of B12 can keep these problems from becoming more severe.

Support of Energy Metabolism

While mentioned earlier, it’s important to underscore the role of B12 in support of oxygen-based energy production (called aerobic energy). At the heart of this process is a metabolic cycle called the citric acid cycle and included within this cycle is a molecule called succinyl-coA. Since vitamin B12 is important for maintaining proper supplies of succinyl-coA in the citric acid cycle, it is important for supporting all aerobic energy metabolism.

Other Potential Health Benefits

Still under debate by researchers is the exact role of B12 in support of bone health. On the one hand, B12 deficiency appears to be associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. This connection involves the positive role of B12 (in several of its cobalamin forms) in supporting the activity of the osteoblast (bone-forming) cells. At the same time, B12 also appears to help regulate activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF overactivity can result in too much bone breakdown and remodeling by a second type of bone cells called osteoclasts. Too much osteoclast activity—regardless of the reason for its occurrence—is also associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. Despite these logical connections between B12 deficiency and osteoporosis risk, however, actual research findings are inconsistent in making the B12 connection to bone status.

Summary of Food Sources

Microorganisms—and especially bacteria and fungi—are the only organisms definitively known to produce vitamin B12. There has been longstanding debate over algal production of B12, which includes debate over the potential role of sea vegetables to provide B12 (as well as debate over dietary supplements like spirulina). However, we interpret the research in this area to show that sea vegetables cannot be counted on for B12 support, not because there is no possibility of B12 production in sea vegetables, but because the form of B12 in sea vegetables is not a usable vitamin form.

Even though land animals and fish cannot make vitamin B12 in their cells, they are often able to save up B12 produced by bacteria and concentrate it in their cells. For this reason, many land animal foods and many seafoods are nutrient-rich in B12. In fact, all but one of our WHFoods ranked sources of B12 come from animal foods or fish. Because plants do not concentrate or utilize vitamin B12 in the same way as animals, plant foods do not become nutrient-rich in B12 unless they have been fermented (like the fermentation of soybeans into tempeh) by B12-producing bacteria or fungi. Excluded from this statement are fungi (for example, mushrooms) since scientists classify them in their own separate category from plants. But if we adopt a less technical perspective and include mushrooms as plant foods, they would also have to be included as sources of B12. At WHFoods, crimini mushrooms are our only ranked non-animal derived food source for B12.

Our recommended daily intake level for B12 is 2.4 micrograms, and one serving of any of the following WHFoods will provide you with 100% or more of this amount: sardines, salmon, tuna, cod, lamb, or scallops. You’ll get over 50% with a single serving of beef or shrimp, about one-third of the daily amount from one cup of yogurt, and between 10-25% from one serving of cheese, chicken, turkey, eggs, or cow’s milk.

In contrast with these animal and fish foods, one cup of crimini mushrooms will only provide you with about 3% of the daily recommend amount. This relatively low contribution from mushrooms (a non-animal food) raises the important question of B12 nourishment for individuals who don’t regularly consume animal foods or fish. In the broadest sense, individuals who focus primarily on plant foods in their meal plan are often referred to as “vegetarians.” However, this term can have a variety of different meanings. “Pesca-vegetarians,” for example, consume fish along with plant foods. “Lacto-vegetarians” consume dairy foods along with plants foods. “Lacto-ovo vegetarians” consume not only dairy foods but also eggs along with plant foods. If a person eats plant foods exclusively, the term usually used to describe his or her meal plan is “vegan.” Most healthcare providers—including most nutritionists—currently recommend that persons who exclusively consume plant foods take steps to ensure their B12 nourishment by adding foods fortified with B12 or B12-containing supplements to their daily routine. As a general rule, we support this approach, although we realize that there can be exceptions.

Nutritional yeast grown on a molasses medium is an example of a food-based quasi-supplement that would provide a vegan source of vitamin B12. One widely available brand has more than twice the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for B12 in one and one-half tablespoons of yeast. Not all nutritional yeasts are rich in vitamin B12, however, and you’ll need to check labels for details.

Before leaving the topic of B12 and food sources, we want to go one step further in explaining some ongoing speculation about the relationship between B12, bacteria, and human nutrition. As described earlier, bacteria and other microorganisms are the only life forms that can be described as definitively able to produce B12. Interestingly, however, research studies have shown that bacteria capable of producing B12 can live inside our human intestinal tract. (One example of a bacterium known to produce B12 and also able to colonize parts of our digestive tract is Propionibacterium shermanii.) Furthermore, it seems likely that B12-producing bacteria are able reside in the very last segment of our small intestine known as the terminal ileum.The terminal ileum is especially important for vitamin B12 nourishment since it is the primary site for B12 absorption. In this last segment of our small intestine, however, there aren’t nearly as many bacteria as are present in our large intestine. (We’re talking about a minimum of 10,000 times less, and probably more like one million times less.) So exactly how much B12 contribution could potentially be made by B12-producing bacteria in the terminal ileum is an open question. While we don’t see any justification for relying on bacterial production of B12 in our intestines as a source of this vitamin, it is also impossible for us to totally rule out this possible pathway for B12 nourishment and hopefully we will get some further clarification here in future research.

Nutritional yeast grown on a molasses medium is an example of a food-based quasi-supplement approach that would provide a vegan source of vitamin B12. One widely available brand has more than twice the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for B12 in one and one-half tablespoons of yeast. Note that not all nutritional yeasts are rich in vitamin B12, and that you’ll need to check labels for details.

The National Academy of Sciences currently recommends that people over the age of 50 receive much of their vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods. Currently, about 40% of the vitamin B12 that Americans eat comes from these non-food sources. In addition to the fortified yeast discussed above, soy products and breakfast cereals often contain this type of added vitamin B12.

Nutrient Rating Chart

Introduction to Nutrient Rating System Chart

In order to better help you identify foods that feature a high concentration of nutrients for the calories they contain, we created a Food Rating System. This system allows us to highlight the foods that are especially rich in particular nutrients. The following chart shows the World’s Healthiest Foods that are either an excellent, very good, or good source of vitamin B12. Next to each food name, you’ll find the serving size we used to calculate the food’s nutrient composition, the calories contained in the serving, the amount of vitamin B12 contained in one serving size of the food, the percent Daily Value (DV%) that this amount represents, the nutrient density that we calculated for this food and nutrient, and the rating we established in our rating system. For most of our nutrient ratings, we adopted the government standards for food labeling that are found in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s “Reference Values for Nutrition Labeling.” Read more background information and details of our rating system.

World’s Healthiest Foods ranked as quality sources of

vitamin B12

Food

Serving

Size

Cals

Amount

(mcg)

DRI/DV

(%)

Nutrient

Density

World’s

Healthiest

Foods Rating

Sardines

3.20 oz

188.7

8.11

338

32.2

excellent

Salmon

4 oz

157.6

5.67

236

27.0

excellent

Tuna

4 oz

147.4

2.66

111

13.5

excellent

Cod

4 oz

96.4

2.62

109

20.4

excellent

Lamb

4 oz

310.4

2.51

105

6.1

excellent

Scallops

4 oz

125.9

2.44

102

14.5

excellent

Shrimp

4 oz

134.9

1.88

78

10.4

excellent

Beef

4 oz

175.0

1.44

60

6.2

very good

Yogurt

1 cup

149.4

0.91

38

4.6

very good

Cow’s milk

4 oz

74.4

0.55

23

5.5

very good

Eggs

1 each

77.5

0.55

23

5.3

very good

Turkey

4 oz

166.7

0.42

18

1.9

good

Chicken

4 oz

187.1

0.39

16

1.6

good

Cheese

1 oz

114.2

0.24

10

1.6

good

Mushrooms, Crimini

1 cup

15.8

0.07

3

3.3

good

World’s Healthiest

Foods Rating

Rule

excellent

DRI/DV>=75% OR

Density>=7.6 AND DRI/DV>=10%

very good

DRI/DV>=50% OR

Density>=3.4 AND DRI/DV>=5%

good

DRI/DV>=25% OR

Density>=1.5 AND DRI/DV>=2.5%

Even though the structure of vitamin B12 is complicated, it is a relatively stable molecule to storage and cooking. Most of the B12 losses that we have seen from the cooking of B12-rich foods fall into the range of 10-50%. At the 50% end of the spectrum, most of the studies have involved boiling. Since B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, that finding makes sense to us, and it is one of the reasons that we generally prefer steaming over boiling, and when we do boil, it is for a relatively short period of time. The Healthy Sauté methods and braising methods that we use for fish generally take only 5-10 minutes of cooking time, and the same is true for steaming in recipes where fish are steamed. For meats, we often use a Quick Broil method that only involves dry heat. In short, we believe that you can count on substantial B12 nourishment from our B12-rich foods if you take advantage of our WHFoods cooking methods.

Risk of Dietary Deficiency

For most U.S. adults, the risk of dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 is quite low. The median intake of vitamin B12 in the United States and Canada has been variously estimated between 3 and 7 mcg per day. As such, most people are getting plenty of this vitamin to prevent deficiency.

The only group where we see any substantial risk of dietary vitamin B12 deficiency is in strict vegans (who consume no animal or fish foods whatsoever). In a group of 232 British vegans, most of whom were younger than age 50, a little more than half had biochemical evidence of dietary vitamin B12 deficiency. The deficiency risk was nearly ten times as high in vegans as vegetarians, and more than 50 times higher compared to those who regularly ate animal foods.

Ovo-lacto vegetarians (or people who don’t eat animal meat or fish, but do include dairy and eggs in their diet) are at a slightly increased risk of dietary vitamin B12 deficiency, but B12-related medical problems are not common in this group. When medical problems do show up, it is most commonly in people who had eaten a vegetarian diet throughout their entire life, rather than adopting it later on as adults. This pattern makes sense to us, because our bodies are capable of storing large amounts of B12. In fact, it is common for adults to store thousands of times more B12 than their daily requirement. Because significant amounts of B12 are also be recycled around the body, the unusually large body supply of this vitamin can mean years before B12 depletion. So it is logical for an adult vegetarian who ate animal foods and fish growing up to go for long periods before risking B12 depletion, even if B12 intake has been inadequate.

Other Circumstances that Might Contribute to Deficiency

The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms in the U.S. is not a dietary deficiency, but a problem related to malabsorption. This condition is called pernicious anemia, and it is a relatively common condition in older adults. An estimated 10-30% of people over the age of 50 have some amount of malabsorption of this vitamin.

In pernicious anemia, various immune system reactions cause damage to the stomach lining. As a result of this damage, specialized cells in the stomach called parietal cells become unable to produce intrinsic factor (IF). Since IF is needed for B12 absorption, this process results in poor absorption of B12, and the need for much greater amounts of B12 than can be obtained from food. Of course, diagnosis of this condition and the appropriate remedy for pernicious anemia requires the help of a licensed healthcare provider.

Pernicious anemia is not the only absorption-related problem associated with risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. As mentioned at the outset of this article, B12 is an unusual B-complex vitamin in terms of its absorption. Here is a short summary of the complicated nature of B12 absorption:

(1) Stomach acids are needed to release B12 from our food and allow it to bind with a glycoprotein called haptocorrin provided in saliva and in stomach fluids.

(2) When leaving the stomach, protease enzymes provided by the pancreas are needed to separate B12 from haptocorrin and allow it to bind together with intrinsic factor (IF). IF is a specialized glycoprotein release by specialized stomach cells called parietal cells, and its job is to bind together with B12 and facilitate its absorption.

(3) At the very end of the small intestine (called the terminal ileum), intestinal cells have special locations on their outer membranes (consisting of two proteins called cubulin and amionless) and these proteins serve as the location for taking the IF-bound form of B12 out of the intestine and up into the cells.

(4) Once inside the intestinal cells, B12 must be reconfigured and attached to a different protein called transcobalamin for passage through the bloodstream.

These many different digestive tract steps make B12 absorption readily influenced by digestive tract problems. For example, overgrowth of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori in the stomach has been associated with increased risk of B12 deficiency. Insufficient secretion of protein-digesting enzymes by the pancreas has also been shown to compromise B12 status. Various other stomach problems have also been associated with increased deficiency risk for this vitamin.

The connection between B12 deficiency risk and digestive problems is believed to be a primary reason for increased risk of B12 deficiency with aging (especially after age 50), since digestive problems also tend to increase during this time period.

While oral contraceptive (OC) use is sometimes mentioned as a risk factor for B12 deficiency, the research seems mixed in this regard. On the one hand, blood levels of B12 have been shown to sometimes drop below the normal range with OC use. But at the same time, these drops in blood levels appear to be temporary and to pose no chronic problems. Interestingly, lower blood levels of B12 in women who use OCs appear to occur independently from dietary intake. In other words, these lower levels of B12 do not appear to change, even if dietary intake of B12 is increased. More research is being done to determine the significant of these findings.

Pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding) increase the need for B12, and the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations for pregnancy and lactation are 2.6 micrograms and 2.8 micrograms, respectively.

Because folate and B12 work so closely together, both folate deficiency and folate excess can increase the need for B12. While folate excess has been controversial in health research primarily in relationship to dietary supplementation of this vitamin in high doses, some scientists believe that folate fortification of food (in the absence of simultaneous B12 fortification) can also create imbalances in the ratio of B12-to-folate. As a remedy, they have recommended simultaneous fortification with both folate and B12 if fortification is determined to be desirable. The bottom line here is to combine a reasonable variety of foods in your meal plan that are nutrient-rich in both B vitamins. Our Healthy Sauteéd Seafood with Asparagus recipe, for example, combines three of our top 10 seafoods rich in B12 (cod, scallops, and shrimp) with our second richest source of folate (asparagus).

Relationship with Other Nutrients

As described earlier in our Health Benefits section, vitamin B12 is involved in the process of energy production. Yet B12 is not the only B-complex vitamin involved in this process, and for this reason, a deficiency of one or more of the other B vitamins may compound energy-production problems that are related to B12 deficiency. In other words, some symptoms of B12 deficiency can be made worse due to other B-vitamin deficiencies.

In particular, the relationship between folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 is very close. A deficiency in any one of the three can impair the activity of the others. Most alarmingly, when people use high dose supplements of folic acid, it can be harder to spot vitamin B12 deficiency, leading to more serious symptoms. As described earlier in this article, controversy has also arisen over the role of folate fortification of foods, which has some researchers recommending simultaneous fortification of both folate and B12 whenever fortification with either nutrient is being considered.

Some older sources report that vitamin C can damage or impair absorption of vitamin B12. Further research discounted this hypothesis, so you can probably disregard this if you see it.

Risk of Dietary Toxicity

There is no known toxicity risk from dietary vitamin B12. In fact, doctors routinely inject people with deficiency symptoms with very large doses of the vitamin—500 times the daily required intake or more—without evidence of toxicity. You can be confident that your diet does not contain too much vitamin B12.

Disease Checklist

Pernicious anemia
Atrophic gastritis
Neuropathy
Fatigue
Depression
Kidney disease
Memory loss
Tinnitus
Migraine
Macular degeneration
Asthma
Shingles
Multiple sclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease

Public Health Recommendations

In 1998, the National Academy of Sciences established a set of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) that included Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) by age for vitamin B12. These are summarized in the chart below. Values for infants under one year old were established in the form of Adequate Intake (AI) levels. The full set of DRI recommendations is listed below:

0-6 months: 0.4 mcg
6-12 months: 0.5 mcg
1-3 years: 0.9 mcg
4-8 years: 1.2 mcg
9-13 years: 1.8 mcg
14+ years: 2.4 mcg
Pregnant women: 2.6 mcg
Lactating women: 2.8 mcg
Note that the National Academy of Sciences has advised people over the age of 50 to meet their intake requirements mainly via either fortified foods or using a vitamin B12 supplement. This recommendation is due to the high number of people in this age group with malabsorption of the vitamin.

There is no established Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for vitamin B12. In fact, doctors rather routinely supplement or inject people with pernicious anemia with amounts of vitamin B12 that are several hundred-fold greater than the DRI recommendations. As such, there is no known reason to be concerned about excessive intake of vitamin B12.

The Daily Value (DV) of 6 mcg per day is the value you’ll see on food labels. Please note that the more recent DRI values are much lower, and probably a better reflection of your daily needs. We chose the adult DRI (ages 14 and older) of 2.4 micrograms as our daily recommended amount at WHFoods.

References

Aslinia F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Megaloblastic anemia and other causes of macrocytosis. Clin Med Res 2006;4:236-41.
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998;58-86.
Fulgoni VL, Keast DR, Bailey RL, et al. Foods, fortificants, and supplements: where do Americans get their nutrients. J Nutr 2001;141:1847-54.
Gilsing AM, Crowe FL, Lloyd-Wright Z, et al. Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64:933-9.
Gueant JL and Alpers DH. Vitamin B12, a fascinating micronutrient, which influences human health in the very early and later stages of life. Biochimie, Volume 95, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 967-969.
Halsted JA, Carroll J, Rubert S. Serum and tissue concentration of vitamin B12 in certain pathologic states. New Engl J Med 1959;260:575-80.
Jenkins N, Black, Paul E, et al. Vitamin B12 and its link to bone health in the male population. Bone, Volume 44, Supplement 1, May 2009, Pages S118-S119.
Keser I, Ilich JZ, Vrikic N et al. Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine but has no effect on serum bone turnover markers in elderly women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition Research, Volume 33, Issue 3, March 2013, Pages 211-219.
Kozyraki R and Cases O. Vitamin B12 absorption: Mammalian physiology and acquired and inherited disorders. Biochimie, Volume 95, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 1002-1007.
Leskova E, Kubikova J, Kovacikova E, et al. Vitamin losses: retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models. J Food Comp Anal 2006;19:252-76.
Lund EK. Health benefits of seafood; Is it just the fatty acids? Food Chemistry, Volume 140, Issue 3, 1 October 2013, Pages 413-420.
McArthur JO, Tang H, Petocz P, et al.Biological variability and impact of oral contraceptives on vitamins B(6), B(12) and folate status in women of reproductive age. Nutrients. 2013 Sep 16;5(9):3634-45. doi: 10.3390/nu5093634.
O’Leary F, Samman S. Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients 2010;2:299-316.
Pawlak R, Parrott SJ, Raj S, et al. How prevalent is vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians? Nutr Rev 2013;71:110-7.
Ray JG, Cole DEC, and Boss SC. An Ontario-wide study of vitamin B12, serum folate, and red cell folate levels in relation to plasma homocysteine: is a preventable public health issue on the rise? Clinical Biochemistry, Volume 33, Issue 5, July 2000, Pages 337-343.
Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Langman LJ, et al. Persistence of vitamin B12 insufficiency among elderly women after folic acid food fortification. Clinical Biochemistry, Volume 36, Issue 5, July 2003, Pages 387-391.
Thierry A, Deutsch SM, Falentin H, et al. New insights into physiology and metabolism of Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Sep 1;149(1):19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.026. Epub 2011 May 8.
Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Tanioka Y, et al. Biologically active vitamin B12 compounds in foods for preventing deficiency among vegetarians and elderly subjects. J Agric Food Chem 2013;61:6769-75.

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