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I prepared this summary to introduce you to the topic:
The Higgs boson is the fundamental particle associated with the Higgs field, a field that gives mass to other fundamental particles such as electrons and quarks. A particle’s mass determines how much it resists changing its speed or position when it encounters a force.
In the Higgs boson’s case, the field came first. The Higgs field was proposed in 1964 as a new kind of field that fills the entire Universe and gives mass to all elementary particles. The Higgs boson is a wave in that field. Its discovery confirms the existence of the Higgs field.
The Higgs boson underpins the whole Standard Model like a jigsaw piece, spurring on our curiosity and creating a more accurate picture of the universe around us. Since the beginning of humanity, curiosity has fuelled the advancement of science.
The key distinguishing feature of Higgs’s contribution was that, as an afterthought, he predicted the existence of a new massive particle left over from the process he had worked out in the Highlands. This particle would later bear his name: the Higgs boson.
The Higgs boson is the only fundamental particle known to be scalar, meaning it has no quantum spin. This fact answers questions about our universe, but it also raises new ones.
The Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism introduced a new quantum field that today we call the Higgs field, whose quantum manifestation is the Higgs boson. Only particles that interact with the Higgs field acquire mass. “It is exactly this mechanism,” Cerutti adds, “that creates all the complexity of the Standard Model.”
There was not yet any direct evidence that the Higgs field existed, but even without direct proof, the accuracy of its predictions led scientists to believe the theory might be true.
What did Stephen Hawking say about Higgs boson?
Quote/What Hawking said in 2013 when the discovery of the Higgs boson was confirmed: “physics would be far more interesting if [the Higgs boson] had not been found”.
When Stephen Hawking and I visited the Large Hadron Collider, he hoped for an unexpected physics breakthrough. His dreams may not be impossible. “I hope you’ll make black holes,” Stephen said with a broad smile.
The elusive ‘God particle’ discovered by scientists in 2012 has the potential to destroy the universe, famed British physicist Stephen Hawking has warned. According to Hawking, at very high energy levels the Higgs boson, which gives shape and size to everything that exists, could become unstable. This, he said, could cause a “catastrophic vacuum decay” that would lead space and time to collapse.
Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
7 Apr 2024
In this shocking video, a CERN scientist claims they have opened a portal to another dimension. Watch now for the mind-blowing details!
The world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator is up and running again in Switzerland after a three-year refurbishment. And it is off to a record-breaking start as scientists try to unlock the secrets surrounding the building blocks of the universe. Physicists hope it will reveal the secrets of “dark matter” that makes up 85 percent of our universe, but does not absorb, reflect or emit light.
8 Apr 2024
Physicists worldwide brimmed with anticipation as they witnessed the long-awaited activation of the most advanced high-energy particle collider at CERN. After patiently waiting for decades, they finally beheld this remarkable invention, poised to transform our comprehension of the universe. Join us as we delve into the mysterious events unfolding within the hallowed halls of CERN, where science and the unknown collide. What secrets lie hidden in the subatomic depths? Brian Cox unravels the enigma, revealing a tale that defies explanation.
13 Jan 2024
CERN Scientists Break Silence On Terrifying New Discovery That Changes Everything
CERN has made headlines yet again. The renowned laboratory for particle physics has announced a rather unprecedented discovery made by their Large Hadron Collider that may likely cause a shift in our understanding of the universe. Scientists have reported that these anomalous readings could signal the existence of extraterrestrial life in a parallel universe. In This video, we will be discussing the just-announced CERN discovery that changes everything.
In a recent experiment with the Large Hadron Collider, CERN scientists noticed something strange with a particular kind of quark. Quarks are the building blocks of all matter and are of different types. Physicists call the different types ‘flavours’.
Some of these so-called flavours of quarks were extremely unstable and decayed rapidly. The subject of this particular anomaly was the beauty quark, which has an average lifespan of one and a half trillionths of a second. It turned out that the quark’s decay pattern was radically different from what scientists predicted based on the standard model.
Based on their predictions, when a beauty quark decays, it should be influenced by the weak force and transform into what is called leptons, which is a set of lighter particles, either an electron or a muon, with the standard model predicting a 50-50 chance for both particles.
But what the data from the Large Hadron Collider was showing was relatively different. The data showed that these quarks decay into muons only seventy percent as often as they decayed into electrons.
6 Apr 2024
CERN is turning the Large Hadron Collider back on April 8th, the same day as a Total Solar Eclipse. Are the rumours regarding this event simply a conspiracy theory? The information in this video should help answer questions like: Is CERN trying to open a portal to the spiritual world or to hell? What is the large hadron collider? Should we be worried about the Higgs Boson (or god particle)? Let’s dive in and find out.
12 Aug 2020
Let’s roll back a few days. This is CERN, the Nuclear Research laboratory on the border of France and Switzerland. It features the most powerful particle accelerator on Earth, the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC. What does it do? It accelerates and collides particles at 99.99% of the speed of light. And maybe, it could produce the very first lab-grown black hole. How big would that black hole be? What precautions would you need to take not to get sucked in it? And how long would it take it to destroy the entire planet?
Does quantum entanglement make faster-than-light communication possible? What is NOT random? http://bit.ly/NOTrandoVe
First, I know this video is not easy to understand. Thank you for taking the time to attempt to understand it. I’ve been working on this for over six months over which time my understanding has improved. Quantum entanglement and spooky action at a distance are still debated by professors of quantum physics (I know because I discussed this topic with two of them).
Does hidden information (called hidden variables by physicists) exist? If it does, the experiment violating Bell inequalities indicates that hidden variables must update faster than light – they would be considered ‘non-local’. On the other hand if you don’t consider the spins before you make the measurement then you could simply say hidden variables don’t exist and whenever you measure spins in the same direction you always get opposite results, which makes sense since angular momentum must be conserved in the universe.
Everyone agrees that quantum entanglement does not allow information to be transmitted faster that light. There is no action either detector operator could take to signal the other one – regardless of the choice of measurement direction, the measured spins are random with 50/50 probability of up/down.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that you can never simultaneously know the exact position and the exact speed of an object. Why not? Because everything in the universe behaves like both a particle and a wave at the same time. Chad Orzel navigates this complex concept of quantum physics.
11 Jul 2023
The race between J. Robert Oppenheimer and Werner Heisenberg during World War II to develop the atomic bomb is a fascinating chapter in the history of science and warfare.
Oppenheimer, an American theoretical physicist, led the Manhattan Project, the United States’ secret endeavour to develop the first nuclear weapons. He was instrumental in bringing together a diverse group of top scientists, including many European refugees, to work on this project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Under Oppenheimer’s leadership, the team successfully developed and tested the world’s first atomic bomb in July 1945.
On the other side of the Atlantic, Werner Heisenberg, a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics, was leading Nazi Germany’s nuclear weapon project. However, Heisenberg’s efforts were not as successful. There are many theories as to why Germany’s atomic bomb project failed, ranging from lack of resources and Allied bombing campaigns to Heisenberg’s possible moral qualms about creating such a devastating weapon.
In the end, the race was decisively won by Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project. The atomic bombs they developed were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II. The legacy of this race, however, has had profound and lasting impacts on global politics, ethics, and the scientific community.
25 Nov 2020
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle says that if we know everything about where a particle is located, we know nothing about its momentum. Conversely, if we know everything about its momentum, then we know nothing about where the particle is located. In other words, this principle means that we cannot measure the position and momentum of a particle with absolute precision or certainty.
But waves, as you know, don’t exist in one specific place. However, you can certainly identify and measure specific characteristics of a wave pattern as a whole, most notably, its wavelength, which is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs. Particles that are as small or even smaller than atoms have large enough wavelengths to be detected, and can therefore be measured in experiments.
Thus, if we have a wave whose wavelength and momentum can be measured accurately, then it’s impossible to measure its specific position. Conversely, if we know the position of a particle with high certainty, then we cannot accurately determine its momentum. This is what Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is all about.
29 Jun 2020
In 1939, Werner Heisenberg joined the “Uranium Club” to try to make a nuclear bomb for Hitler. Why? He didn’t love the Nazis and he had plenty of opportunities to leave. This is the story of the moral failings of a brilliant man.
14 Jan 2013
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle tells us that it is impossible to simultaneously measure the position and momentum of a particle with infinite precision. In our everyday lives we virtually never come up against this limit, hence why it seems peculiar. In this experiment a laser is shone through a narrow slit onto a screen. As the slit is made narrower, the spot on the screen also becomes narrower. But at a certain point, the spot starts becoming wider. This is because the photons of light have been so localised at the slit that their horizontal momentum must become less well defined in order to satisfy Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
27 Sept 2017
Hungarian-American physicist, Edward Teller (1908-2003), helped to develop the atomic bomb and provided the theoretical framework for the hydrogen bomb. He remained a staunch advocate of nuclear power, calling for the development of advanced thermonuclear weapons. [Listener: John H. Nuckolls]
TRANSCRIPT: I would like to finish my story about Bohr and, in a way, about Heisenberg, by telling you of a very sad fact. When the Nazis came, when Hitler occupied Denmark, Bohr was in danger of his life. He had a Jewish grandfather, I think, at least. He was to escape. Shortly before that, Heisenberg listened- came to him. Bohr came out to America and told us that Heisenberg is working on the atomic bomb for the Nazis. Heisenberg and Bohr have been good friends. Bohr did enormous damage to Heisenberg’s reputation. I heard him say that, I even heard him say that in a one-to-one conversation. I never quite believed it. I went back to Germany, found out – in more ways than in a short time I can tell you – but found out what actually happened. Heisenberg went to visit Bohr, he had to talk with him. He talked with him in his home, the Carlsberg Castle, the, the beer producing Carlsberg people or- I don’t know whether it was beer, but they gave it to Bohr. And when they were talking indoors and Heisenberg was afraid that there might be- that the Nazis might have put in listening apparatus, he said things- I am working for my government and it’s good to work for my country. That is what Bohr quoted. Then they went out into the garden and Heisenberg was no longer afraid. And then he added- I am with a group working on the atomic bomb. I hope we won’t succeed. I hope the Americans won’t succeed either. I cannot do otherwise than give an ab- abbreviated version of all this but here is one point, one generalization which I would like to make. My years in Germany, about which I want to talk a little more later, have been at a wonderful constructive period of science. Hitler destroyed it. You were not allowed to talk about Einstein. A Jewish lie, relativity. Heisenberg resisted it. I have many detailed indications that Heisenberg, if he did not directly sabotage the work on the atomic bomb, he never seriously worked on it. After war he and maybe ten other people were taken to a place in England and kept there and now the British did listen by secret apparatus to what they were saying to each other. I couldn’t get that record until two years ago when it was published. And Heisenberg said about atomic bombs some of things which clearly prove that he did not think about the subject. They were told in August 1945 that we’d dropped an atomic bomb and the Germans didn’t believe it. And then Heisenberg told them- Perhaps they did, and explained to them how the atomic bomb worked, wrongly so. A point about which I am very proud because the mistake that Heisenberg then made, I made a few years earlier when I was starting to think about it – and found out within a few months that it was wrong. That Heisenberg should make the same mistake gives me pleasure. But it shows, in the case of the excellent intelligence of Heisenberg, that he never seriously tried to work on the subject.
All Physicists In Oppenheimer & Their Scientific Contributions
6 Aug 2023
In the crucible of World War II, amidst chaos and conflict, a clandestine assembly of brilliant minds, under the leadership of J. Robert Oppenheimer, embarked on an unprecedented mission with far-reaching consequences. One of the key figures in this endeavour was Ernest Lawrence, portrayed by Josh Hartnett, who revolutionized cyclotrons and contributed to the discovery of elements through nuclear fission. Leo Szilard, played by Máté Haumann, was instrumental in initiating the project, urging President Roosevelt to develop atomic weapons and later advocating for a peaceful use of atomic energy. Niels Bohr, portrayed by Kenneth Branagh, provided valuable advice and continued to champion peaceful applications of atomic knowledge. Edward Teller, known as “the father of the hydrogen bomb,” played by While Safdie, played a pivotal role in the development of fusion-based weapons, despite differences with Oppenheimer.
Hans Bethe, portrayed by Gustaf Skarsgård, oversaw the crucial T (Theoretical) Division that calculated the power of the atomic bomb and later became an advocate for arms control. Isidor Isaac Rabi, played by David Krumholtz, brought scientific expertise and organizational skills to the project, supporting Oppenheimer during his hearings. David Hill, portrayed by Rami Malik, testified against unfair treatment of Oppenheimer during Strauss’s Senate confirmation hearing. Vannevar Bush, played by Matthew Modin, played a crucial administrative role in initiating and prioritizing the Manhattan Project. Robert Serber, played by Michael Angarano, provided essential lectures and theories vital to the atomic bomb’s design. Richard Feynman, portrayed by Jack Quaid, developed critical formulas and contributed to safety procedures. Albert Einstein, portrayed by Tom Conti, lent his support to the nuclear program after being convinced by Szilard.
Kenneth Bainbridge, played by Josh Peck, directed the Trinity test, and Enrico Fermi, portrayed by Danny Deferrari, led the creation of the first nuclear reactor. Seth Neddermeyer, played by Devon Bostick, supported the implosion technique, and Luis Walter Alvarez, portrayed by Alex Wolff, made crucial inventions for the bomb’s success. Klaus Fuchs, portrayed by Christopher Denham, infamously spied for the Soviet Union, and Werner Heisenberg, played by Matthias Schweighöfer, played a significant role in Germany’s atomic program. Together, these brilliant scientists’ collective genius gave birth to the most devastating weapon the world had ever seen, ending the greatest war in history.
11 Dec 2022
Max Born Biography, German Mathematician and Physicist’s Life and Contributions to Science Name Surname: Max Born Date of Birth: 11 December 1882 From: Poland Occupations: Physicist , Mathematician Death Date: 05 January 1970 Max Born , German mathematician and physicist who was influential in the development of quantum theory .
He also contributed to solid state physics and optics and supervised the work of important physicists in the 1920s-30s. Born received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 for his work “On researching the basis of quantum mechanics , especially on statistical interpretation of the wave function”
19 Jul 2023
Upon returning to Los Alamos in 1983 for the lab’s 40th anniversary, Rabi told CBS News he had “sorrow that the place still exists.”
29 Dec 2023
“Why do we have to do it this way?” “Wouldn’t it be better to do it another way?” Ask a lot of questions. A person who asks a lot of good questions can create something different from others. Because our brains are programmed to answer questions.
27 Sept 2017
Hungarian-American physicist, Edward Teller (1908-2003), helped to develop the atomic bomb and provided the theoretical framework for the hydrogen bomb. He remained a staunch advocate of nuclear power, calling for the development of advanced thermonuclear weapons. [Listener: John H. Nuckolls]
TRANSCRIPT: I would like to finish my story about Bohr and, in a way, about Heisenberg, by telling you of a very sad fact. When the Nazis came, when Hitler occupied Denmark, Bohr was in danger of his life. He had a Jewish grandfather, I think, at least. He was to escape. Shortly before that, Heisenberg listened- came to him. Bohr came out to America and told us that Heisenberg is working on the atomic bomb for the Nazis. Heisenberg and Bohr have been good friends. Bohr did enormous damage to Heisenberg‘s reputation.
I heard him say that, I even heard him say that in a one-to-one conversation. I never quite believed it. I went back to Germany, found out – in more ways than in a short time I can tell you – but found out what actually happened. Heisenberg went to visit Bohr, he had to talk with him. He talked with him in his home, the Carlsberg Castle, the, the beer producing Carlsberg people or- I don’t know whether it was beer, but they gave it to Bohr. And when they were talking indoors and Heisenberg was afraid that there might be- that the Nazis might have put in listening apparatus, he said things- I am working for my government and it’s good to work for my country.
That is what Bohr quoted. Then they went out into the garden and Heisenberg was no longer afraid. And then he added- I am with a group working on the atomic bomb. I hope we won’t succeed. I hope the Americans won’t succeed either. I cannot do otherwise than give an ab- abbreviated version of all this but here is one point, one generalization which I would like to make. My years in Germany, about which I want to talk a little more later, have been at a wonderful constructive period of science. Hitler destroyed it. You were not allowed to talk about Einstein. A Jewish lie, relativity. Heisenberg resisted it. I have many detailed indications that Heisenberg, if he did not directly sabotage the work on the atomic bomb, he never seriously worked on it.
After war he and maybe ten other people were taken to a place in England and kept there and now the British did listen by secret apparatus to what they were saying to each other. I couldn’t get that record until two years ago when it was published. And Heisenberg said about atomic bombs some of things which clearly prove that he did not think about the subject. They were told in August 1945 that we’d dropped an atomic bomb and the Germans didn’t believe it. And then Heisenberg told them- Perhaps they did, and explained to them how the atomic bomb worked, wrongly so.
A point about which I am very proud because the mistake that Heisenberg then made, I made a few years earlier when I was starting to think about it – and found out within a few months that it was wrong. That Heisenberg should make the same mistake gives me pleasure. But it shows, in the case of the excellent intelligence of Heisenberg, that he never seriously tried to work on the subject.
8 Apr 2019
Top 20 Quotes of Isidor Isaac Rabi: ■ I think physicists are the Peter Pans of the human race. They never grow up and they keep their curiosity. ■ My mother made me a scientist without ever intending to. Every other Jewish mother in Brooklyn would ask her child after school, So? Did you learn anything today? But not my mother. Izzy, she would say, did you ask a good question today? That difference – asking good questions – made me become a scientist. ■ If you decide you don’t have to get A’s, you can learn an enormous amount in college. ■ [Science is] a great game. It is inspiring and refreshing. The playing field is the universe itself. ■ As yet, if a man has no feeling for art he is considered narrow-minded, but if he has no feeling for science this is considered quite normal. This is a fundamental weakness. ■ Physics filled me with awe, put me in touch with a sense of original causes. Physics brought me closer to God. That feeling stayed with me throughout my years in science. Whenever one of my students came to me with a scientific project, I asked only one question, ‘Will it bring you nearer to God?’ ■ There are questions which illuminate, and there are those that destroy. I was always taught to ask the first kind. ■ The scientist does not defy the universe. He accepts it. It is his dish to savour, his realm to explore; it is his adventure and never-ending delight. It is complaisant and elusive but never dull. It is wonderful both in the small and in the large. In short, its exploration is the highest occupation for a gentleman. ■ Physics is an other-world thing, it requires a taste for things unseen, even unheard of- a high degree of abstraction… These faculties die off somehow when you grow up… profound curiosity happens when children are young. I think physicists are the Peter Pans of the human race… Once you are sophisticated, you know too much- far too much. Pauli once said to me, “I know a great deal. I know too much. I am a quantum ancient.”. ■ You know that, according to quantum theory, if two particles collide with enough energy you can, in principle, with an infinitesimal probability, produce two grand pianos. ■ Science itself is badly in need of integration and unification. The tendency is more and more the other way … Only the graduate student, poor beast of burden that he is, can be expected to know a little of each. As the number of physicists increases, each specialty becomes more self-sustaining and self-contained. Such Balkanization carries physics, and indeed, every science further away, from natural philosophy, which, intellectually, is the meaning and goal of science. ■ It was eerie. I saw myself in that machine. I never thought my work would come to this. Upon seeing a distorted image of his face, reflected on the inside cylindrical surface of the bore while inside an MRI (magnetic-resonance-imaging) machine-a device made possible by his early physical researches on nuclear magnetic resonance (1938). ■ We must also teach science not as the bare body of fact, but more as human endeavor in its historic context-in the context of the effects of scientific thought on every kind of thought. We must teach it as an intellectual pursuit rather than as a body of tricks. ■ To me, science is an expression of the human spirit, which reaches every sphere of human culture. It gives an aim and meaning to existence as well as a knowledge, understanding, love, and admiration for the world. It gives a deeper meaning to morality and another dimension to esthetics. ■ There isn’t a scientific community. It is a culture. It is a very undisciplined organization. ■ Most new insights come only after a superabundant accumulation of facts have removed the blindness which prevented us from seeing what later comes to be regarded as obvious. ■ My ideal man is Benjamin Franklin-the figure in American history most worthy of emulation … Franklin is my ideal of a whole man. … Where are the life-size-or even pint-size-Benjamin Franklins of today? ■ Suddenly, there was an enormous flash of light, the brightest light I have ever seen or that I think anyone has ever seen. It blasted; it pounced; it bored its way into you. It was a vision which was seen with more than the eye. It was seen to last forever. You would wish it would stop; altogether it lasted about two seconds. ■ It was eerie. I saw myself in that machine. I never thought my work would come to this. ■ We gave you an atomic bomb, what do you want, mermaids?
6 Oct 2020
Isidor Isaac Rabi was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging.
In this short clip, Best-selling author and physicist Safi Bahcall explains the one reason that Rabi gave as to how we won the Nobel Prize.
The Standard Model of particle physics is the most successful scientific theory of all time. It describes how everything in the universe is made of 12 different types of matter particles, interacting with three forces, all bound together by a rather special particle called the Higgs boson. It’s the pinnacle of 400 years of science and gives the correct answer to hundreds of thousands of experiments. In this explainer, Cambridge University physicist David Tong recreates the model, piece by piece, to provide some intuition for how the fundamental building blocks of our universe fit together. At the end of the video, he also points out what’s missing from the model and what work is left to do in order to complete the Theory of Everything.
***Correction: At 13’50”, the photon should be included with the three fundamental forces. The animation here is incorrect, while the narration is correct.
Kinematics will give you the values of change of objects, while dynamics will provide the reasoning behind the change in the objects.
Kinematics and dynamics are two branches of Classical Mechanics that deals with the motion of particles. These two branches play an important role in terms of robotics and mechanical engineering.
As adjectives the difference between dynamic and kinematic. is that dynamic is changing; active; in motion while kinematic is (physics) of or relating to motion or to kinematics.
In classical mechanics “kinematics” generally refers to the study of properties of motion– position, velocity, acceleration, etc.– without any consideration of why those quantities have the values they do.
Kinematics studies the trajectories of points, lines and other geometric objects and their differential properties such as velocity and acceleration. The study of kinematics can often be designed and solved as purely mathematical function, which means it doesn’t ask “how did the velocity of the body change?”
Starting kinematics and the analysis of motion? This video briefly discusses the basic terms used and their definitions, including displacement, velocity and acceleration.
Statics: Study of forces in equilibrium without consideration of changes over time.
Kinematics: Study of motions (position, velocity, acceleration) and all possible configurations of a system subject to constraints.
Kineto-statics: Study of forces in equilibrium, with the addition of motion related forces (like inertia forces via D’Alembert’s principe) one instant at the time. Results from one time frame do not affect the results on the next time frame.
Dynamics: Full consideration of time varying phenomena in the interaction between motions, forces and material properties. Typically there is an time-integration process where results from one time frame effect the results on the next time frame.
There is a series of definitions used in physics, and one used in engineering mostly. I’ll describe the one used in physics first:
In mechanics, we describe the motion of bodies, and the causes that effect them. This includes the special case where the “motion” is no motion, i.e. bodies are stationary.
The description of the motion itself is called kinematics. This just sets up the relevant degrees of freedom, represented as variables in a relevant mathematical form.
The description of the causes, and how these causes effect the motion is called dynamics. These causes are often divided into forces and torques. This description relates the variables describing the motion above, to forces, which should depend on those variables themselves. This means that in dynamics we often have closed equations that we can solve in full generality.
Another division of the areas of classical mechanics, used mostly in engineering leaves the definition of kinematics the same, but what we referred to as dynamics above is called kinetics.
Dynamics then refers to mechanics applied to proper motion only (i.e. not including stationary case). In other words, dynamics is the kinematics and kinetics of proper motion.
Mechanics applied to the stationary case is referred to as statics. In other words, statics is the kinematics and kinetics of static equilibrium.
This is an introduction for the course Dynamics, telling the differences between Kinematics and Kinetics and the topics in the course. It is suitable for engineering students those who take this subject.
Statics & Dynamics
In order to know what statics is, we first need to know about equilibrium.
Equilibrium means, the body is completely at rest or the body is moving with constant velocity that is zero acceleration. Statics deals with the bodies in equilibrium, that is body at rest and body moving with constant velocity. If we apply forces on a body at rest and still it continues to be in rest, then the study of forces and their effects comes under statics. And if we apply forces on a body moving with constant velocity and it continues to be moving with the same velocity, then this study of forces and their effects also comes under statics. If we apply force on a body at rest, that produces a net torque, tending to start it rotating. It is therefore not in equilibrium. Hence, in all cases the net force or net torque acting on the body should be zero. Generally statics is defined as the branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and their effects, acting upon the bodies which are and remain in equilibrium. We need to know statics, – to determine how much force a bridge can withstand, – the force a dam needs to withstand from the water. – to calculate how much weight a crane can lift, – how much force a locomotive needs to pull a freight train. Cables and strings in stationary positions in mechanical systems also come under the statics.
Dynamics
Dynamics is the branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the forces and their effects, acting upon the bodies in motion. That is, we will see how a body moves under the influence of different forces. If a person throws a stone to the other side of the building, it moves in a parabolic path under the influence of person’s force and gravitational force The concepts of dynamics enable us to analyze the flight characteristics of a jet, designing a building to resist earthquakes, and mitigate shock and vibration to passengers inside a vehicle. And to calculate with how much force we need to send a satellite into orbit. Dynamics is further divided into two branches, kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics deals with the analysis of motion of bodies without considering the forces causing or associated with these motions. Kinetics deals with the forces acting on the bodies, without considering the motion. To solve the problems encountered during the study of statics and dynamics, we have to learn about the principles of Newton’s laws of motion. Along with this, we need adequate knowledge of vector algebra, as the physical quantities encountered during engineering analyses are mostly vectors, such as, Force and Velocity. These laws of motion and vector algebra come under the laws of mechanics.
Alright, it’s time to learn how mathematical equations govern the motion of all objects! Kinematics, that’s the name of the game! Ready? Yes you are. Come on, it’ll be fun. We will start simple, horizontal motion only. The math is really easy, I promise.
Vertical Motion
Alright, we did side to side, now let’s go up and down! Kinematics and vertical motion! This is important if you are Wile E. Coyote and you want to drop rocks off of cliffs and know beforehand how long it takes to hit the ground, so you can finally get that pesky roadrunner, who totally did nothing to you, by the way.
Projectile Motion
Things don’t always move in one dimension, they can also move in two dimensions. And three as well, but slow down buster! Let’s do two dimensions first. You know, like a cannonball. This is called projectile motion, and it’s super important in physics. Isn’t this getting fun?
We know what motion is. But do you know the difference between uniform and non-uniform motion? Watch this video to understand the difference!
In this video, we will learn:
0:00 Uniform Motion
0:43 Calculating the Distance Covered
1:17 Speed for Uniform Motion
1:24 SI Unit of Speed
1:51 Non-uniform Motion (examples)
2:31 Speed for Non-uniform Motion
2:48 Average Speed 4:00 SI Unit of Average Speed
5:11 Instantaneous Speed
Training Exercises: Lab Experiment to do at home
If you cannot make it to class to conduct the acceleration lab, then this is an alternate assignment that you can work on from home.
Lab Analysis: 1. Create a full-page position-time graph (on graph paper) for the above data. Include the above table at the bottom of the graph. Graph the total time on the independent axis, and the position on the dependent axis. Draw a curved line of best fit through your data. (You may use Excel to plot your d-t graph if you have troubles graphing by hand. Remember to label your axes & give the graph a title!) [ /4]
2. Using the tangent method, find the instantaneous velocity at 5 different times. Draw the tangents directly on the graph. Show all work! (GRASP) Don’t forget to mention the time that the instantaneous velocity was taken at! [/10]
3. Draw a full page velocity-time graph (on graph paper) based on the values found in question #2.There should be a linear correlation between your data so a line of best fit should be drawn. [ /4]
4. Determine the slope of the velocity-time graph (including units, GRASP). What does this value represent? [ /3]
5. What is the area under the velocity-time graph (including units, GRASP). What does this area represent? [ /3]
6. What is the difference between uniform and non-uniform motion? Which one is the cart experiencing? [ /3]
7. What is acceleration? What are the units for acceleration? How can you tell (graphically) when an object is accelerating? [ /3]
“E equals m c square” originally tried to explain what m (mass) was
20 May 2015
You’ve probably known OF E=mc² since you were born, and were also probably told that it meant that it proved Mass equaled Energy, or something along those lines.
BUT WAIT. Was E=mc² explained to you properly?
Mass equalling energy is mostly true, but E=mc² actually describes a much more interesting, and frankly mind-blowing aspect of reality that likely wasn’t covered in your high school physics class.
Join Gabe on this week’s episode of PBS Space Time he discusses THE TRUE MEANING OF E=mc²
brain-perks 